Cochlear Implant Complicated by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Report and Literature Review.

Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) infection of cochlear implants are exceedingly rare. Here, we report one such case and review the literature surrounding previous reports. Case report.

The Importance of the Electrode-Neural Interface in Supporting Long-Term Outcomes in Cochlear Implantation: Expert Opinion.

Background: Since first introduced in the mid-1980s, cochlear implant (CI) technology has significantly evolved to reach the current state of the art. Commencing with straight, lateral wall electrode arrays, advances in the last decade led to the development of slim perimodiolar arrays that lie closer to the electrically targeted spiral ganglion. Over the years, as a consequence of improving hearing benefits, CI indications have been steadily expanded.

Morphometric Measurements of the Incomplete Partition Type II (IP-II) Cochlea and Implications on Cochlear Implantation.

Hypothesis: The objective of this study is to obtain comprehensive morphometric measurements of the incomplete partition type II (IP-II) cochlea to provide a better understanding of intracochlear anatomy and important considerations for electrode selection and insertion.

Background: IP-II is the most common bony inner ear malformation that often requires cochlear implantation. Currently, there is significant controversy on electrode selection due to a lack of research that can provide reliable, high-resolution measurements.

New non-contrast MRI of endolymphatic hydrops in Ménière's disease considering inversion time.

Objectives: Three-tesla MRI with gadolinium-based contrast agents is important in diagnosing Ménière's disease. However, contrast agents cannot be used in some patients. By using the compositional difference between the inner ear endolymph and perilymph, we performed basic and clinical research focused on potassium ions and protein to find the optimal parameters for visualizing endolymphatic hydrops on MRI without contrast.

Expression of TGFβ-1 and CTGF in the Implanted Cochlea and its Implication on New Tissue Formation.

Hypothesis: Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are upregulated in the implanted human cochlea.

Background: Cochlear implantation can lead to insertion trauma and intracochlear new tissue formation, which can detrimentally affect implant performance. TGFβ-1 and CTGF are profibrotic proteins implicated in various pathologic conditions, but little is known about their role in the cochlea.

Single-cell transcriptomic atlas reveals increased regeneration in diseased human inner ear balance organs.

Mammalian inner ear hair cell loss leads to permanent hearing and balance dysfunction. In contrast to the cochlea, vestibular hair cells of the murine utricle have some regenerative capacity. Whether human utricular hair cells regenerate in vivo remains unknown.

Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Human Spiral Ganglia Neurons after Cochlear Implantation.

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important factor in the development and neuroprotection of afferent auditory pathways. In this study, we investigated the expression of BDNF in the afferent auditory pathway after cochlear implantation (CI), hypothesizing that electrical stimulation after CI stimulates BDNF expression in the afferent auditory pathway.

Methods: Archival human temporal bones from eight patients with a history of CI and five patients with normal hearing (ages 65-93 years old) were studied.

Dynamic Molecular Markers of Otosclerosis in the Human Cochlea.

Objective: To investigate the role and distribution of various molecular markers using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to further elucidate and understand the pathogenesis of otosclerosis.

Methods: Archival celloidin formalin-fixed 20-micron thick histologic sections from 7 patients diagnosed with otosclerosis were studied and compared to controls. Sections in the mid-modiolar region were immunoreacted with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against nidogen-1, β2-laminin, collagen-IX, BSP, and monoclonal antibodies against TGF β-1 and ubiquitin.

Temporal bone histopathology in revision cochlear implantation.

An increasing number of young infants, as early as six months of age with congenital hearing loss receive cochlear implantation, and it is probable that many of these patients will require revision surgery later in life. The possibility of explantation of the cochlear electrode and reimplantation may cause damage to the cochlea, compromising the speech perception outcome in revision implant is of concern. There is only one prior temporal bone histopathology study to look at the outcome of revision surgery and no prior study evaluating revision cochlear implantation that used the round window approach.

Temporal Trends in Early Pediatric Cochlear Implantations in California from 2018 to 2020.

Objective: To characterize the demographics of children receiving cochlear implantations, identify factors associated with delayed implantations, and trend these factors over time.

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project California State Ambulatory Surgery Database for calendar years 2018-2020.

Emerging Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Menière's Disease: Evidence for the Involvement of Ion Homeostatic or Blood-Labyrinthine Barrier Dysfunction in Human Temporal Bones.

Hypothesis: Analysis of human temporal bone specimens of patients with Menière's disease (MD) may demonstrate altered expression of gene products related to barrier formation and ionic homeostasis within cochlear structures compared with control specimens.

Background: MD represents a challenging otologic disorder for investigation. Despite attempts to define the pathogenesis of MD, there remain many gaps in our understanding, including differences in protein expression within the inner ear.

Cochlear Ossification After Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery: A Temporal Bone Study.

Objective: This study aims to investigate patterns of cochlear ossification (CO) in cadaveric temporal bones of patients who underwent vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery via the translabyrinthine (TL), middle cranial fossa (MF), or retrosigmoid (RS) approaches.

Study Design: Histopathologic analysis of cadaveric temporal bones.

Setting: Multi-institutional national temporal bone repository.

Morphometric Analysis and Linear Measurements of the Scala Tympani and Implications in Cochlear Implant Electrodes.

Hypothesis: The objective of this study was to perform detailed height and cross-sectional area measurements of the scala tympani in histologic sections of nondiseased human temporal bones and correlate them with cochlear implant electrode dimensions.

Background: Previous investigations in scala tympani dimensions have used microcomputed tomography or casting modalities, which cannot be correlated directly with microanatomy visible on histologic specimens.

Methods: Three-dimensional reconstructions of 10 archival human temporal bone specimens with no history of middle or inner ear disease were generated using hematoxylin and eosin histopathologic slides.

Immunohistochemical localization of glucocorticoid receptors in the human cochlea.

In the present study we investigated the localization of glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) in the human inner ear using immunohistochemistry. Celloidin-embedded cochlear sections of patients with normal hearing (n = 5), patients diagnosed with MD (n = 5), and noise induced hearing loss (n = 5) were immunostained using GCR rabbit affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies and secondary fluorescent or HRP labeled antibodies. Digital fluorescent images were acquired using a light sheet laser confocal microscope.

Archival Human Temporal Bone: Anatomical and Histopathological Studies of Cochlear Implantation.

Since being FDA approved in 1984, cochlear implantation has been used successfully to restore hearing in those with severe to profound hearing loss with broader applications including single-sided deafness, the use of hybrid electroacoustic stimulation, and implantation at all extremes of age. Cochlear implants have undergone multiple changes in the design aimed at improving the processing technology, while simultaneously minimizing the surgical trauma and foreign body reaction. The following review examines the human temporal bone studies regarding the anatomy of the human cochlea and how the anatomy relates to cochlear implant design, the factors related to complications after implantation, and the predictors of new tissue formation and osteoneogenesis.

Differential Expression of Na/K-ATPase in the Human Saccule of Patients With and Without Otologic Disease.

Hypothesis: Na + , K + -ATPase (Na/K-ATPase) α1 subunit expression in the saccule of patients diagnosed with otologic disease is different compared with normal controls.

Background: We have recently characterized changes in the expression of Na/K-ATPase α1 subunit in the normal and pathological cochlea; however, no studies have determined the distribution Na/K-ATPase α1 subunit in the human saccule. The present study uses archival temporal bones to study the expression Na/K-ATPase α1 subunit in the human saccule.

Endolymphatic Hydrops in the Setting of Vestibular Schwannoma: A Temporal Bone Study.

Hypothesis: Vestibular schwannoma (VS) may be associated with endolymphatic hydrops (EH). EH may account for symptomatology in a subset of patients with VS.

Background: Presenting symptoms of VS and EH overlap, and MRI evaluation of the membranous labyrinth in some patients with VS demonstrates EH.

Clinical Predictors of Symptom Improvement Following Eustachian Tube Balloon Dilation.

Objective: This study aims to identify clinical predictors of treatment response to Eustachian Tube Balloon Dilation (ETBD) as measured by changes in Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire-7 (ETDQ-7) scores.

Methods: One hundred thirteen patients who underwent ETBD at an institution from 2017 to 2021 completed ETDQ-7 pre- and post-operatively. We conducted multivariable regression analyses with ETDQ-7 normalization (<2.

Geographic Variations in Medicare Cochlear Implantations in the United States.

Objective: To describe national practice patterns and detail geographic and temporal changes in cochlear implantations (CIs) in the Medicare population.

Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting: Medicare B Public Use Files.

Cochlear implants: Causes, effects and mitigation strategies for the foreign body response and inflammation.

Cochlear implants provide effective auditory rehabilitation for patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Recent advances in cochlear implant technology and surgical approaches have enabled a greater number of patients to benefit from this technology, including those with significant residual low frequency acoustic hearing. Nearly all cochleae implanted with a cochlear implant electrode array develop an inflammatory and fibrotic response.

Sequential Prefrontal and Temporoparietal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Treatment of Tinnitus With and Without Comorbid Depression: A Case Series and Systematic Review.

Background: Tinnitus distress is related to both the loudness and intrusiveness of the tinnitus percept. Treatment approaches targeting both attentional/limbic and auditory systems may better alleviate tinnitus distress than approaches targeting the auditory system alone.

Materials And Methods: Ten subjects with chronic tinnitus received sequential rTMS treatment involving: 1) excitatory stimulation administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or inhibitory stimulation administered to the right DLPFC, followed by 2) inhibitory stimulation administered to primary auditory cortex (Heschel's gyrus or HG).

Relationship Between the Onset of Ménière's Disease and Sympathetic Hyperactivity.

Objective: The pathogenesis of Ménière's disease is still largely unknown; however, it is known to be strongly associated with stress. Excessive stress can cause hyperactivity of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. With the aim of understanding changes in sympathetic hyperactivity before and after Ménière's disease, we compared autonomic nervous function in patients in a stable phase of Ménière's disease and that in healthy adults.