Functional modulation of primary visual cortex by the superior colliculus in the mouse.

The largest targets of retinal input in mammals are the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), a relay to the primary visual cortex (V1), and the superior colliculus. V1 innervates and influences the superior colliculus. Here, we find that, in turn, superior colliculus modulates responses in mouse V1.

Loss of CRB2 in Müller glial cells modifies a CRB1-associated retinitis pigmentosa phenotype into a Leber congenital amaurosis phenotype.

Variations in the human Crumbs homolog-1 (CRB1) gene lead to an array of retinal dystrophies including early onset of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) in children. To investigate the physiological roles of CRB1 and CRB2 in retinal Müller glial cells (MGCs), we analysed mouse retinas lacking both proteins in MGC. The peripheral retina showed a faster progression of dystrophy than the central retina.

Vulnerability and resilience to Alzheimer's disease: early life conditions modulate neuropathology and determine cognitive reserve.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a high prevalence among the elderly and a huge personal and societal impact. Recent epidemiological studies have indicated that the incidence and age of onset of sporadic AD can be modified by lifestyle factors such as education, exercise, and (early) stress exposure. Early life adversity is known to promote cognitive decline at a later age and to accelerate aging, which are both primary risk factors for AD.

Where and how our brain represents the temporal structure of observed action.

Reacting faster to the behaviour of others provides evolutionary advantages. Reacting to unpredictable events takes hundreds of milliseconds. Understanding where and how the brain represents what actions are likely to follow one another is, therefore, important.

Social media and smartphone technology in the symptomatology of OCD.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. In line with the trend towards globalisation and modern technology, the thematic content of obsessions and compulsions is bound to evolve over time. However, assessment scales such as the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale symptom checklist are not adapted accordingly.

The Spectrum of Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Female Carriers of Pathogenic Variants in the RPGR Gene.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenotype and long-term clinical course of female carriers of RPGR mutations.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 125 heterozygous RPGR mutation carriers from 49 families.

Results: Eighty-three heterozygotes were from retinitis pigmentosa (RP) pedigrees, 37 were from cone-/cone-rod dystrophy (COD/CORD) pedigrees, and 5 heterozygotes were from pedigrees with mixed RP/CORD or unknown diagnosis.

Assessment of straylight and the modulation transfer function of intraocular lenses with centrally localized opacification associated with the intraocular injection of gas.

Purpose: To assess the optical quality of intraocular lenses (IOLs) explanted because of opacification after the intraocular injection of gas.

Setting: David J. Apple Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.

The segmentation of the human brain; a message to the neuroimaging community from an adjacent domain of the neurosciences.

Morphological and genoarchitectonic studies have conclusively shown that the human brain (and that of all vertebrates) is segmented i. e. is fundamentally composed of a number of rostrocaudally arranged brain segments or neuromeres.

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation interacts with BDNF Val66Met in motor learning.

Background: Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation has been reported to enhance motor associative learning and motor adaptation, holding promise for clinical application in patients with movement disorders. However, behavioral benefits from cerebellar tDCS have been inconsistent.

Objective: Identifying determinants of treatment success is necessary.

CLINICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE PATIENTS WITH RPGR-ASSOCIATED RETINAL DYSTROPHIES: A Long-Term Follow-up Study.

Purpose: To describe the phenotype and clinical course of patients with RPGR-associated retinal dystrophies, and to identify genotype-phenotype correlations.

Methods: A multicenter medical records review of 74 male patients with RPGR-associated retinal dystrophies.

Results: Patients had retinitis pigmentosa (RP; n = 52; 70%), cone dystrophy (COD; n = 5; 7%), or cone-rod dystrophy (CORD; n = 17; 23%).

Elusive drusen and changing terminology of AMD.

The first descriptions of ageing macula disorder (AMD), be it under other names, appeared in 1855 and 1868. The earliest accounts of AMD linked the presence of drusen with visual loss. It took a century before these connections between drusen and AMD were generally accepted by medical science and in clinical articles.

How removing visual information affects grasping movements.

Our interaction with objects is facilitated by the availability of visual feedback. Here, we investigate how and when visual feedback affects the way we grasp an object. Based on the main views on grasping (reach-and-grasp and double-pointing views), we designed four experiments to test: (1) whether the availability of visual feedback influences the digits independently, and (2) whether the absence of visual feedback affects the initial part of the movement.

Cortical Abnormalities Associated With Pediatric and Adult Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Findings From the ENIGMA Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group.

Objective: Brain imaging studies of structural abnormalities in OCD have yielded inconsistent results, partly because of limited statistical power, clinical heterogeneity, and methodological differences. The authors conducted meta- and mega-analyses comprising the largest study of cortical morphometry in OCD ever undertaken.

Method: T-weighted MRI scans of 1,905 OCD patients and 1,760 healthy controls from 27 sites worldwide were processed locally using FreeSurfer to assess cortical thickness and surface area.

Problematic internet use and psychiatric co-morbidity in a population of Japanese adult psychiatric patients.

Background: Many studies reported the high prevalence of problematic internet use (PIU) among adolescents (13-50%), and PIU was associated with various psychiatric symptoms. In contrast, only a few studies investigated the prevalence among the adult population (6%). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PIU and psychiatric co-morbidity among adult psychiatric patients.

A Virtual Reality Game to Assess Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

The retrospective and subjective nature of clinical interviews is an important shortcoming of current psychiatric diagnosis. Consequently, there is a clear need for objective and standardized tools. Virtual reality (VR) can be used to achieve controlled symptom provocation, which allows direct assessment for the clinician.

Visual Cortex Limits Pop-Out in the Superior Colliculus of Awake Mice.

We detect objects more readily if they differ from their surroundings in motion, color, or texture. This increased saliency is thought to be related to increased responses in the visual cortex. The superior colliculus is another brain area involved in vision and especially in directing gaze and attention.

Light scattering levels from intraocular lenses extracted from donor eyes.

Purpose: To assess light scatter levels of intraocular lenses (IOLs) extracted from donor eyes to understand straylight elevation documented earlier in pseudophakic population studies and identify potential sources of light scattering in IOLs.

Setting: Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Design: Experimental study.

LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH CHOROIDEREMIA WITH SCLERAL PITS AND TUNNELS AS A NOVEL OBSERVATION.

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term clinical course and visual outcome of patients with choroideremia.

Methods: Clinical examination, a social questionnaire, and medical records review of 21 patients with choroideremia from 14 families.

Results: The mean follow-up time was 25.

Virtual Reality Objectifies the Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders: A Literature Review.

Background: To date, a diagnosis in psychiatry is largely based on a clinical interview and questionnaires. The retrospective and subjective nature of these methods leads to recall and interviewer biases. Therefore, there is a clear need for more objective and standardized assessment methods to support the diagnostic process.

Comparative gene expression study and pathway analysis of the human iris- and the retinal pigment epithelium.

Background: The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a neural monolayer lining the back of the eye. Degeneration of the RPE leads to severe vision loss in, so far incurable, diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa. A promising future replacement therapy may be autologous iris epithelial cell transdifferentiation into RPE in vitro and, subsequently, transplantation.

An expandable embryonic stem cell-derived Purkinje neuron progenitor population that exhibits in vivo maturation in the adult mouse cerebellum.

The directed differentiation of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells into cell-type specific neurons has inspired the development of therapeutic discovery for neurodegenerative diseases. Many forms of ataxia result from degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells, but thus far it has not been possible to efficiently generate Purkinje neuron (PN) progenitors from human or mouse pluripotent stem cells, let alone to develop a methodology for in vivo transplantation in the adult cerebellum. Here, we present a protocol to obtain an expandable population of cerebellar neuron progenitors from mouse embryonic stem cells.

No Effects of D-Cycloserine Enhancement in Exposure With Response Prevention Therapy in Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose/background: D-cycloserine (DCS) is a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist that potentially augments response to exposure therapy in anxiety disorders by enhancing extinction learning. This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled augmentation trial examined (1) the effectiveness of adding 125 mg of DCS to exposure therapy (before or directly after the first 6 treatment sessions) in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia and (2) the effectiveness of DCS augmentation preceding exposure relative to DCS augmentation directly postexposure.

Methods/procedures: Fifty-seven patients were allocated to 1 of 3 medication conditions (placebo and pre-exposure and postexposure DCS) as an addition to 6 exposure sessions within a 12-session exposure and response prevention protocol.

Synaptic plasticity through activation of GluA3-containing AMPA-receptors.

Excitatory synaptic transmission is mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). In CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus two types of AMPARs predominate: those that contain subunits GluA1 and GluA2 (GluA1/2), and those that contain GluA2 and GluA3 (GluA2/3). Whereas subunits GluA1 and GluA2 have been extensively studied, the contribution of GluA3 to synapse physiology has remained unclear.

Stem Cell Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium: The Role of Pigmentation as Maturation Marker and Gene Expression Profile Comparison with Human Endogenous Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

In age-related macular degeneration (AMD) the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deteriorates, leading to photoreceptor decay and severe vision loss. New therapeutic strategies aim at RPE replacement by transplantation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived RPE. Several protocols to generate RPE have been developed where appearance of pigmentation is commonly used as indicator of RPE differentiation and maturation.