Kramers degeneracy originates from two time-reversal symmetries.

The Kramers degeneracy theorem in a condensed-matter system is proven by the orthogonality of wavefunctions transformed by two time-reversal symmetries: the conventional symmetry of = -1 and the supplementary symmetry of = +1, valid for a vanishing spin-orbit coupling term. The Bloch state may then remain nondegenerate for a finite spin-orbit coupling term, but must become degenerate for a vanishing spin-orbit coupling term at any symmetry point. The theorem is demonstrated for a representative system GaAs on the basis of first-principles calculations.

Extreme Variability of Anemia Prevalence in Peruvian Children Based on Different Altitude Correction Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Baquerizo-Sedano, Luis, José Augusto Chaquila, Juan Pablo Aparco, Carlos Torres Salinas, Orison O Woolcott, and Pedro González-Muniesa. Extreme variability of anemia prevalence in peruvian children based on different altitude correction factors: A cross-sectional study. 00:00-00, 2025.

Opening doors to physical sample tracking and attribution in Earth and environmental sciences.

Physical samples and their associated data and metadata underpin scientific discoveries across disciplines and can enable new science when appropriately archived. However, there are significant gaps in current practices and infrastructure that prevent accurate provenance tracking, reproducibility, and attribution. For most samples, descriptive metadata are often sparse, inaccessible, or absent.

Cross-kingdom-mediated detection of intestinal protozoa through NLRP6.

Intestinal protists are detected by the host innate immune system through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Tritrichomonas protozoa induce thickening of the colonic mucus in an NLRP6-, ASC-, and caspase-11-dependent manner, consistent with the activation of sentinel goblet cells. Mucus growth is recapitulated with cecal extracts from Tritrichomonas-infected mice but not purified protozoa, suggesting that NLRP6 may detect infection-induced microbial dysbiosis.

Smart waste classification in IoT-enabled smart cities using VGG16 and Cat Swarm Optimized random forest.

Effective waste management is becoming a crucial component of sustainable urban development as smart technologies are used by smart cities more and more. Smart trash categorization systems provided by IoT may greatly enhance garbage sorting and recycling mechanisms. In this context, this work presents a waste categorization model based on transfer learning using the VGG16 model for feature extraction and a Random Forest classifier tuned by Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO).

Perspective on equal and cross-frequency neural coupling: Integration and segregation of the function of brain networks.

We introduce a perspective that has not appeared before in the field of equal and multifrequency coupling derived from considering neuronal synchrony as a possible equivalence relation. The experimental results agree with the theoretical prediction that cross-frequency coupling results in a partition of the brain synchrony state space. We place these results in the framework of the integration and segregation of information in the processing of sensorimotor transformations by the brain cell circuits and propose that equal-frequency (1:1) connectivity favors integration of information in the brain whereas cross-frequency coupling (n:m) favors segregation.

Cultivation Strategies to Improve Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Growth and Recombinant Mcherry Expression.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a promising model microalga for recombinant molecules production. Nonetheless, low yield is a challenge for its industrial use. This work investigated the influence of ammonium chloride (NHCl) concentration and temperature on the growth of transgenic C.

Effects of ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diets on the body composition of adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Background And Aims: More than one-third of individuals are overweight and obese in the world. Their risks of chronic health conditions are increased, which places additional burden on their family, caregivers, and healthcare system. Dietary modification is widely used for overweight and obese individuals.

Rashba effect originates from the reduction of point-group symmetries.

The Rashba effect in a nonmagnetic condensed-matter system is described by the reduction of point-group symmetries. The inversion, two-fold rotation, and reflection symmetries transforming the wavevector to - are identified as the origin of a degenerate state according to the time-reversal symmetry. The lack of these symmetries in a bulk system or the breaking of these in a surface system is then identified as the origin of a nondegenerate state.

Driver identification in advanced transportation systems using osprey and salp swarm optimized random forest model.

Enhancement of security, personalization, and safety in advanced transportation systems depends on driver identification. In this context, this work suggests a new method to find drivers by means of a Random Forest model optimized using the osprey optimization algorithm (OOA) for feature selection and the salp swarm optimization (SSO) for hyperparameter tuning based on driving behavior. The proposed model achieves an accuracy of 92%, a precision of 91%, a recall of 93%, and an F1-score of 92%, significantly outperforming traditional machine learning models such as XGBoost, CatBoost, and Support Vector Machines.

Governance of Indigenous data in open earth systems science.

In the age of big data and open science, what processes are needed to follow open science protocols while upholding Indigenous Peoples' rights? The Earth Data Relations Working Group (EDRWG), convened to address this question and envision a research landscape that acknowledges the legacy of extractive practices and embraces new norms across Earth science institutions and open science research. Using the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) as an example, the EDRWG recommends actions, applicable across all phases of the data lifecycle, that recognize the sovereign rights of Indigenous Peoples and support better research across all Earth Sciences.

A conceptual classification scheme of invasion science.

In the era of big data and global biodiversity decline, there is a pressing need to transform data and information into findable and actionable knowledge. We propose a conceptual classification scheme for invasion science that goes beyond hypothesis networks and allows to organize publications and data sets, guide research directions, and identify knowledge gaps. Combining expert knowledge with literature analysis, we identified five major research themes in this field: introduction pathways, invasion success and invasibility, impacts of invasion, managing biological invasions, and meta-invasion science.

Advance drought prediction through rainfall forecasting with hybrid deep learning model.

Drought is a natural disaster that can affect a larger area over time. Damage caused by the drought can only be reduced through its accurate prediction. In this context, we proposed a hybrid stacked model for rainfall prediction, which is crucial for effective drought forecasting and management.

Mass independent Klein Gordon equation.

We transform the Klein-Gordon equation into a mass-independent form that treats space-time more symmetrically. The mass-independent Klein-Gordon equation (MIKE) is first order in a variable that plays the role of time, the approach taken in parametric time formulations. MIKE is useful for studying the effects of noise because we can borrow techniques from the theory of quantum open systems, where first order master equations often appear.

A new leaf inhabiting ascomycete from the Jurassic (ca 170 Mya) of Yorkshire, UK, and insights into the appearance and diversification of filamentous Ascomycota.

Leaf-associated fungi, the fungi that depend on leaves to sporulate, have a rich Cenozoic record, however their earlier diversity is poorly characterized. Here we describe Harristroma eboracense gen. et sp.

Strategies for crowdsourcing hearing health information: a comparative study of educational programs and volunteer-based campaigns on Wikimedia.

Background: Several health institutions developed strategies to improve health content on Wikimedia platforms given their unparalleled reach. The objective of this study was to compare an online volunteer-based Wikimedia outreach campaign with university course Wikipedia assignments (both focused on improving hearing health content in Wikimedia's public digital knowledge archives), in terms of the reach of the contributions and the extent of the participants' input. A secondary objective was to examine the feasibility and the implementation of the different strategies.

New pure multi-order fractional optimal control problems with constraints: QP and LP methods.

Novel methods for finding the optimal controls of new types of fractional optimal control problems with Riemann-Liouville performance indices and systems comprised of subsystems with Caputo derivatives are introduced. Pure fractional quadratic optimal control problems are modeled as quadratic programming (QP) by using a new idea and a state-control parameterization method. After formulating each linear or nonlinear type, its QP model is derived by which the QP solver in MATLAB can be used to obtain the solutions.

Recent secondary contact, genome-wide admixture, and asymmetric introgression of neo-sex chromosomes between two Pacific island bird species.

Secondary contact between closely related taxa represents a "moment of truth" for speciation-an opportunity to test the efficacy of reproductive isolation that evolved in allopatry and to identify the genetic, behavioral, and/or ecological barriers that separate species in sympatry. Sex chromosomes are known to rapidly accumulate differences between species, an effect that may be exacerbated for neo-sex chromosomes that are transitioning from autosomal to sex-specific inheritance. Here we report that, in the Solomon Islands, two closely related bird species in the honeyeater family-Myzomela cardinalis and Myzomela tristrami-carry neo-sex chromosomes and have come into recent secondary contact after ~1.

Unifying biophysical consciousness theories with MaxCon: maximizing configurations of brain connectivity.

There is such a vast proliferation of scientific theories of consciousness that it is worrying some scholars. There are even competitions to test different theories, and the results are inconclusive. Consciousness research, far from converging toward a unifying framework, is becoming more discordant than ever, especially with respect to theoretical elements that do not have a clear neurobiological basis.

Naturalizing relevance realization: why agency and cognition are fundamentally not computational.

The way organismic agents come to know the world, and the way algorithms solve problems, are fundamentally different. The most sensible course of action for an organism does not simply follow from logical rules of inference. Before it can even use such rules, the organism must tackle the problem of relevance.

Making Mathematical Research Data FAIR: Pathways to Improved Data Sharing.

The sharing and citation of research data is becoming increasingly recognized as an essential building block in scientific research across various fields and disciplines. Sharing research data allows other researchers to reproduce results, replicate findings, and build on them. Ultimately, this will foster faster cycles in knowledge generation.

Bragg Spot Finder (BSF): a new machine-learning-aided approach to deal with spot finding for rapidly filtering diffraction pattern images.

Macromolecular crystallography contributes significantly to understanding diseases and, more importantly, how to treat them by providing atomic resolution 3D structures of proteins. This is achieved by collecting X-ray diffraction images of protein crystals from important biological pathways. Spotfinders are used to detect the presence of crystals with usable data, and the spots from such crystals are the primary data used to solve the relevant structures.

Investigation of fast and efficient lossless compression algorithms for macromolecular crystallography experiments.

Structural biology experiments benefit significantly from state-of-the-art synchrotron data collection. One can acquire macromolecular crystallography (MX) diffraction data on large-area photon-counting pixel-array detectors at framing rates exceeding 1000 frames per second, using 200 Gbps network connectivity, or higher when available. In extreme cases this represents a raw data throughput of about 25 GB s, which is nearly impossible to deliver at reasonable cost without compression.

Getting your DUCs in a row - standardising the representation of Digital Use Conditions.

Improving patient care and advancing scientific discovery requires responsible sharing of research data, healthcare records, biosamples, and biomedical resources that must also respect applicable use conditions. Defining a standard to structure and manage these use conditions is a complex and challenging task. This is exemplified by a near unlimited range of asset types, a high variability of applicable conditions, and differing applications at the individual or collective level.