Unified causality analysis based on the degrees of freedom.

Temporally evolving systems are typically modeled by dynamic equations. A key challenge in accurate modeling is understanding the causal relationships between subsystems, as well as identifying the presence and influence of unobserved hidden drivers on the observed dynamics. This paper presents a unified method capable of identifying fundamental causal relationships between pairs of systems, whether deterministic or stochastic.

Dispersive determination of nucleon gravitational form factors.

Being closely connected to the origin of the nucleon mass, the gravitational form factors of the nucleon have attracted significant attention in recent years. We present the first model-independent determinations of the gravitational form factors of the pion and nucleon at the physical pion mass, using a data-driven dispersive approach. The so-called "last global unknown property" of the nucleon, the D-term, is determined to be .

Precision Mass Measurements Reveal Low Neutron Pairing in Tin beyond N=82 and Its Impact on Stellar Nucleosynthesis.

We present a study on neutron-rich tin (Z=50) isotopes beyond the doubly closed shell of N=82 through high-precision mass measurements, including the first-ever measurements of the masses of ^{136}Sn, ^{137}Sn, and ^{138}Sn isotopes. These measurements enhance our understanding of the nuclear structure and astrophysical nucleosynthesis in this previously unexplored region. The new mass data are used for evaluation of the final abundances of mass numbers A=135 and 137 in r-process network calculations.

Direct Mass Measurements of Neutron-Rich Zinc and Gallium Isotopes: An Investigation of the Formation of the First r-Process Peak.

The prediction of isotopic abundances resulting from the rapid neutron capture process (r process) requires high-precision mass measurements. Using TITAN's on-line time-of-flight spectrometer, first time mass measurements are performed for ^{83}Zn and ^{86}Ga. These measurements reduced uncertainties, and are used to calculate isotopic abundances near the first r-process abundance peak using astrophysical conditions present during a binary neutron star (BNS) merger.

Disentangling Centrality Bias and Final-State Effects in the Production of High-p_{T} Neutral Pions Using Direct Photon in d+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV.

PHENIX presents a simultaneous measurement of the production of direct γ and π^{0} in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV over a p_{T} range of 7.5 to 18  GeV/c for different event samples selected by event activity, i.e.

Dataset on global trade networks of COVID-19 medical products.

This paper presents a comprehensive dataset on the global trade dynamics of COVID-19-related medical products for the years 2019 and 2020. The dataset, derived from the BACI database, focuses on eight distinct product categories identified by six-digit codes. The trade flow data for 224 countries is structured as a multilevel network, with countries as nodes and product categories as layers.

Coulomb Branch Amplitudes from a Deformed Amplituhedron Geometry.

The amplituhedron provides, via geometric means, the all-loop integrand of scattering amplitudes in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. Unfortunately, dimensional regularization, used conventionally for integration, breaks the beautiful geometric picture. This motivates us to propose a "deformed" amplituhedron.

Gravity Amplitudes from Double Bonus Relations.

In this Letter, we derive new expressions for tree-level graviton amplitudes in N=8 supergravity from Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten (BCFW) recursion relations combined with new types of bonus relations. These bonus relations go beyond the famous 1/z^{2} behavior under a large BCFW shift and use knowledge about certain zeros of graviton amplitudes in collinear kinematics. This extra knowledge can be used in the context of global residue theorems by writing the amplitude in a special form using canonical building blocks.

Measurement of Direct-Photon Cross Section and Double-Helicity Asymmetry at sqrt[s]=510 GeV in p[over →]+p[over →] Collisions.

We present measurements of the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry A_{LL} of direct-photon production in p[over →]+p[over →] collisions at sqrt[s]=510  GeV. The measurements have been performed at midrapidity (|η|<0.25) with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

Phonon confinement and interface lattice dynamics of ultrathin high- rare earth sesquioxide films: the case of EuO on YSZ(001).

The spatial confinement of atoms at surfaces and interfaces significantly alters the lattice dynamics of thin films, heterostructures and multilayers. Ultrathin films with high dielectric constants (high-) are of paramount interest for applications as gate layers in current and future integrated circuits. Here we report a lattice dynamics study of high- EuO films with thicknesses of 21.

Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in p^{↑}+p Collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV.

Studying spin-momentum correlations in hadronic collisions offers a glimpse into a three-dimensional picture of proton structure. The transverse single-spin asymmetry for midrapidity isolated direct photons in p^{↑}+p collisions at sqrt[s]=200  GeV is measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Because direct photons in particular are produced from the hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force, this measurement is a clean probe of initial-state spin-momentum correlations inside the proton and is in particular sensitive to gluon interference effects within the proton.

Laser Spectroscopy Measurements of Metastable Pionic Helium Atoms at Paul Scherrer Institute.

We review recent experiments carried out by the PiHe collaboration of the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) that observed an infrared transition of three-body pionic helium atoms by laser spectroscopy. These measurements may lead to a precise determination of the charged pion mass, and complement experiments of antiprotonic helium atoms carried out at the new ELENA facility of CERN.

CNN-Based Classifier as an Offline Trigger for the CREDO Experiment.

Gamification is known to enhance users' participation in education and research projects that follow the citizen science paradigm. The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) experiment is designed for the large-scale study of various radiation forms that continuously reach the Earth from space, collectively known as cosmic rays. The CREDO Detector app relies on a network of involved users and is now working worldwide across phones and other CMOS sensor-equipped devices.

Thermodynamical Extension of a Symplectic Numerical Scheme with Half Space and Time Shifts Demonstrated on Rheological Waves in Solids.

On the example of the Poynting-Thomson-Zener rheological model for solids, which exhibits both dissipation and wave propagation, with nonlinear dispersion relation, we introduce and investigate a finite difference numerical scheme. Our goal is to demonstrate its properties and to ease the computations in later applications for continuum thermodynamical problems. The key element is the positioning of the discretized quantities with shifts by half space and time steps with respect to each other.

Four Spacetime Dimensional Simulation of Rheological Waves in Solids and the Merits of Thermodynamics.

The recent results attained from a thermodynamically conceived numerical scheme applied on wave propagation in viscoelastic/rheological solids are generalized here, both in the sense that the scheme is extended to four spacetime dimensions and in the aspect of the virtues of a thermodynamical approach. Regarding the scheme, the arrangement of which quantity is represented where in discretized spacetime, including the question of appropriately realizing the boundary conditions, is nontrivial. In parallel, placing the problem in the thermodynamical framework proves to be beneficial in regards to monitoring and controlling numerical artefacts-instability, dissipation error, and dispersion error.

Micro-combinatorial sampling of the optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous [Formula: see text] for the entire range of compositions towards a database for optoelectronics.

The optical parameters of hydrogenated amorphous a-[Formula: see text]:H layers were measured with focused beam mapping ellipsometry for photon energies from 0.7 to 6.5 eV.

Laser spectroscopy of pionic helium atoms.

Charged pions are the lightest and longest-lived mesons. Mesonic atoms are formed when an orbital electron in an atom is replaced by a negatively charged meson. Laser spectroscopy of these atoms should permit the mass and other properties of the meson to be determined with high precision and could place upper limits on exotic forces involving mesons (as has been done in other experiments on antiprotons).

Nuclear Dependence of the Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry in the Production of Charged Hadrons at Forward Rapidity in Polarized p+p, p+Al, and p+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV.

We report on the nuclear dependence of transverse single-spin asymmetries (TSSAs) in the production of positively charged hadrons in polarized p^{↑}+p, p^{↑}+Al, and p^{↑}+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. The measurements have been performed at forward rapidity (1.4<η<2.

Beam Energy and Centrality Dependence of Direct-Photon Emission from Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions.

The PHENIX collaboration presents first measurements of low-momentum (0.4 View Article and Find Full Text PDF

On the Rarefied Gas Experiments.

There are limits of validity of classical constitutive laws such as Fourier and Navier-Stokes equations. Phenomena beyond those limits have been experimentally found many decades ago. However, it is still not clear what theory would be appropriate to model different non-classical phenomena under different conditions considering either the low-temperature or composite material structure.

Conceptual design of a high-field septum magnet using a superconducting shield and a canted-cosine-theta magnet.

A zero-field cooled superconducting shield was previously proposed to realize a high-field (at least 3 T) septum magnet for the Future Circular Collider proton-proton ring. In this paper, we present the conceptual design of a complete septum magnet prototype including a shield with an optimized shape and a simple and cost-effective superconducting magnet using the canted cosine theta concept. 2D optimization of the coil geometry and a realistic 2D simulation of the fieldmap and field homogeneity are presented taking into account the nonlinear penetration of the magnetic field into the shield.

Pseudorapidity Dependence of Particle Production and Elliptic Flow in Asymmetric Nuclear Collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and ^{3}He+Au at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV.

Asymmetric nuclear collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and ^{3}He+Au at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV provide an excellent laboratory for understanding particle production, as well as exploring interactions among these particles after their initial creation in the collision. We present measurements of charged hadron production dN_{ch}/dη in all such collision systems over a broad pseudorapidity range and as a function of collision multiplicity. A simple wounded quark model is remarkably successful at describing the full data set.

Emergence of Non-Fourier Hierarchies.

The non-Fourier heat conduction phenomenon on room temperature is analyzed from various aspects. The first one shows its experimental side, in what form it occurs, and how we treated it. It is demonstrated that the Guyer-Krumhansl equation can be the next appropriate extension of Fourier's law for room-temperature phenomena in modeling of heterogeneous materials.