Biogeographic history of a large clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi, the Russulaceae, in the Neotropics and adjacent regions.

The biogeography of neotropical fungi remains poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the origins and diversification of neotropical lineages in one of the largest clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the globally widespread family Russulaceae. We inferred a supertree of 3285 operational taxonomic units, representing worldwide internal transcribed spacer sequences.

Diminished carbon and nitrate assimilation drive changes in diatom elemental stoichiometry independent of silicification in an iron-limited assemblage.

In the California Current Ecosystem, upwelled water low in dissolved iron (Fe) can limit phytoplankton growth, altering the elemental stoichiometry of the particulate matter and dissolved macronutrients. Iron-limited diatoms can increase biogenic silica (bSi) content >2-fold relative to that of particulate organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which has implications for carbon export efficiency given the ballasted nature of the silica-based diatom cell wall. Understanding the molecular and physiological drivers of this altered cellular stoichiometry would foster a predictive understanding of how low Fe affects diatom carbon export.

Behavioral Interventions After Bariatric Surgery.

Purpose Of Review: Bariatric surgery is the most effective and durable treatment for severe obesity. Postoperative behavioral weight management approaches are available for optimizing weight change for both short- and long-term outcomes.

Recent Findings: Varying settings such as groups and telemedicine along with techniques such as cognitive behavioral therapy have been assessed in the post-bariatric surgery population.

National Certification in School Nursing: Frequently Asked Questions.

Awarded by the National Board for Certification of School Nurses, the Nationally Certified School Nurse (NCSN) credential exemplifies that a school nurse has passed a "rigorous national credentialing process to validate practice competency based on professional standards." Board certification in school nursing is a formal recognition of advanced knowledge, competence, and a personal commitment to excellence in the specialty practice of school nursing on behalf of the better health and education of school-age children. Read the answers to these frequently asked questions to learn how and why school nurses should earn the NCSN credential.

A protoxylem pathway to evolution of pith? An hypothesis based on the Early Devonian euphyllophyte Leptocentroxyla.

Background And Aims: The Early Devonian (Emsian, 400-395 Ma) tracheophyte Leptocentroxyla tetrarcha Bickner et Tomescu emend. Tomescu et McQueen combines plesiomorphic Psilophyton-type tracheid thickenings with xylem architecture intermediate between the plesiomorphic basal euphyllophyte haplosteles and the complex actinosteles of Middle Devonian euphyllophytes. We document xylem development in Leptocentroxyla based on anatomy and explore its implications, which may provide a window into the evolution of pith.

Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Aerobic Exercise on Perceptions of Pain and Fatigue in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury.

Virtual reality (VR) has become an effective alternative to promote exercise. However, limited studies have investigated the effect of VR on pain and fatigue in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using VR during exercise on pain and fatigue in individuals with SCI.

A phylogenetic overview of , with descriptions of nine new species and four new combinations.

Nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) sequence data from eight type specimens of previously described species were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and partial nuc 28S rDNA data revealed as paraphyletic splitting into two monophyletic groups, which we recognize as the genera and .

Genomic data reveal local endemism in Southern California Rubber Boas (Serpentes: Boidae, Charina) and the critical need for enhanced conservation actions.

The mountains of southern California represent unique, isolated ecosystems that support distinct high-elevation habitats found nowhere else in the area. Analyses of several moisture-dependent species across these sky-islands indicate they exist as locally endemic lineages that occur across these fragmented mountains ranges. The Rubber Boa is a semi-fossorial snake species that is widely distributed in the cooler and more moist ecoregions regions of western North America, including isolated populations across southern California mountain ranges.

Recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus antigens Asp f 3 and Asp f 9 in liposomal vaccine protect mice against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by the ubiquitous mold Aspergillus fumigatus is a major threat to immunocompromised patients, causing unacceptably high mortality despite standard of care treatment, and costing an estimated $1.2 billion annually. Treatment for this disease has been complicated by the emergence of azole resistant strains of A.

The Mitogenome Relationships and Phylogeography of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica).

The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) poses a number of fascinating scientific questions, including the taxonomic status of postulated subspecies. Here, we obtained and assessed the sequence variation of 411 complete mitogenomes, mainly from the European H. r.

Nanohybrids that consisit of p-type, nitrogen-doped ZnO and graphene nanostructures: synthesis, photophysical properties, and biosensing application.

ZnO, a promising material for optoelectronic applications, has attracted considerable attention due to its wide and direct band gap and large exciton binding energy. To understand the applications of this material, fabrication of high quality p-type ZnO is a key step. However, a reliable p-type doping of this material remains a major challenge.

The gap between experts, farmers and non-farmers on perceived environmental vulnerability and the influence of values and beliefs.

Science has played a mixed role in guiding conservation and sustainability-oriented decision-making by individuals, policymakers, institutions, and governments. Not all science-based conservation and sustainability initiatives that address issues facing humanity and ecosystems and global problems have gained public support. Conservation decisions and policy prescriptions are and may be based on perceptions about and experiences with the environment, local land use, and ecosystems that may not align with or be grounded in science or evidence from experts in the field.

Taking social psychology out of context.

We endorse Cesario's call for more research into the complexities of "real-world" decisions and the comparative power of different causes of group disparities. Unfortunately, these reasonable suggestions are overshadowed by a barrage of non sequiturs, misdirected criticisms of methodology, and unsubstantiated claims about the assumptions and inferences of social psychologists.

Electromyographic Examination of Hip and Knee Extension Hex Bar Exercises Varied by Starting Knee and Torso Angles.

Unlabelled: Variations of the deadlift can be executed using the hexagonal (hex) bar by altering, for instance, the knee and torso angles while maintaining a constant hip angle at the start position.

Purpose: To examine muscle activation patterns of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and erector spinae during three deadlift variations using the hex bar.

Methods: Twenty resistance-trained male and female subjects performed hex bar deadlift variations in three different starting knee flexion positions: 128.

Social Construction Is Racial Construction: Examining the Target Populations in School-Choice Policies.

Purpose: We examine policy influencers' perceptions of the targets of school-choice policy across five states, exploring how constructions varied for White and racially minoritized families, whether policy actors conceived of the "target" of policy as the child or the parent, and how these racialized constructions varied across different types of school-choice policies.

Research Methods/approach: We conducted 56 semistructured interviews in 2019 with state-level stakeholders across five states.

Findings: We found that policy actors generally viewed White families as strong and racially minoritized families as weak.

Early transcriptome of Trichoplusia ni ascovirus core genes.

Ascoviruses are large double-stranded DNA insect viruses that destroy the nucleus and transform each cell into 20 or more viral vesicles for replication. In the present study we used RNA-sequencing to compare the expression of Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 6a1 (TnAV-6a1) core genes during the first week of infection, with emphasis on the first 48 h, comparing transcript levels in major somatic tissues (epidermis, tracheal matrix and fat body), the sites infected initially, with those of the haemolymph, where viral vesicles circulate and most replication occurs. By 48 h post-infection (p.

Using a mechanistic framework to model the density of an aquatic parasite .

is a myxozoan parasite endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America that is linked to low survival rates of juvenile salmonids in some watersheds such as the Klamath River basin. The density of actinospores in the water column is typically highest in the spring (March-June), and directly influences infection rates for outmigrating juvenile salmonids. Current management approaches require quantities of density to assess disease risk and estimate survival of juvenile salmonids.

Timescale analyses of fluctuations in coexisting populations of a native and invasive tree squirrel.

Competition from invasive species is an increasing threat to biodiversity. In Southern California, the western gray squirrel (, WGS) is facing competition from the fox squirrel (, FS), an invasive congener.We used spectral methods to analyze 140 consecutive monthly censuses of WGS and FS within a 11.

The role of paleontological data in bryophyte systematics.

Systematics reconstructs tempo and mode in biological evolution by resolving the phylogenetic fabric of biodiversity. The staggering duration and complexity of evolution, coupled with loss of information (extinction), render exhaustive reconstruction of the evolutionary history of life unattainable. Instead, we sample its products-phenotypes and genotypes-to generate phylogenetic hypotheses, which we sequentially reassess and update against new data.

Phylogenomic resolution of the root of Panpulmonata, a hyperdiverse radiation of gastropods: new insight into the evolution of air breathing.

Transitions to terrestriality have been associated with major animal radiations including land snails and slugs in Stylommatophora (>20 000 described species), the most successful lineage of 'pulmonates' (a non-monophyletic assemblage of air-breathing gastropods). However, phylogenomic studies have failed to robustly resolve relationships among traditional pulmonates and affiliated marine lineages that comprise clade Panpulmonata (Mollusca, Gastropoda), especially two key taxa: Sacoglossa, a group including photosynthetic sea slugs, and Siphonarioidea, intertidal limpet-like snails with a non-contractile pneumostome (narrow opening to a vascularized pallial cavity). To clarify the evolutionary history of the panpulmonate radiation, we performed phylogenomic analyses on datasets of up to 1160 nuclear protein-coding genes for 110 gastropods, including 40 new transcriptomes for Sacoglossa and Siphonarioidea.

Synthesis, structural analysis, and docking studies with SARS-CoV-2 of a trinuclear zinc complex with N-phenylanthranilic acid ligands.

The structure of a trinuclear zinc complex, hexakis(μ-2-anilinobenzoato)diaquatrizinc(II), [Zn(CHNO)(HO)] or (NPA)Zn(HO) (NPA is 2-anilinobenzoate or N-phenylanthranilate), is reported. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 and the central Zn atom is located on an inversion center. The NPA ligand is found to coordinate via the carboxylate O atoms with unique C-O bond lengths that support an unequal distribution of resonance over the carboxylate fragment.