From Biological Mechanisms to Clinical Applications: A Review of Photobiomodulation in Dental Practice.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy involves the use of low-dose, nonionizing light to reduce pain and inflammation, promote wound healing, and enhance tissue regeneration. PBM-based therapy of various dental conditions is associated with improved treatment outcomes. This study aims to critically review the literature to highlight the underlying molecular biological mechanisms and clinical applications of PBM in modern dental practice. This critical review employed literature search in PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases to determine biological basis of PBM with a particular focus on its clinical dental applications. English literature published in the past 25 years were eligible for inclusion. Selected studies were analyzed to evaluate the therapeutic biochemical effects of PBM, with a focus on its dental applications. PBM exerts its biological effects by influencing cytochrome c oxidase, increasing adenosine triphosphate, and improving DNA replication and RNA transcription. Various transcription factors and signaling pathways are involved through the activation of secondary messengers such as reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The favorable biological effects of PBM can be beneficial for various dental applications in pulp therapy, management of postsurgical complications, and temporomandibular joint disorders. PBM represents a promising and effective treatment modality for the management of several challenging dental problems in the pediatric and adult populations, offering improved treatment outcomes, namely enhanced wound healing and reduced inflammation. Further research is recommended to optimize technical settings and standardize current protocols in the aim of enhancing clinical outcomes, exploring more applications, and improving patient satisfaction.