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Article Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a syndrome with many clinical presentations. It is often dominated by visible motor symptoms; however, specific nonmotor features, such as cognitive dysfunction, sleep dysfunction, pain, apathy, dysautonomia, depression, and anxiety, enrich the clinical picture significantly. Proposed non-motor phenotypes segregate to central cholinergic, serotonergic, or noradrenergic dysfunctions, and clinical and biomarker-driven studies support these subtypes. Specific sleep problems appear to be associated with specific nonmotor subtypes of Parkinson's disease.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2025.06.007 | DOI Listing |
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