Automated image segmentation uncovers the role of CD74high human microglia in cognitive decline.

The role of activated microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established; the proportion of stage III activated microglia has been associated with AD and cognitive decline, but this morphologically defined subtype is relatively uncommon (1-2% of microglia) and its cellular function is unknown. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed CD74 as a marker gene that is enriched in immunologically active microglial subtypes associated with AD. Here, we evaluated the relationship between CD74 expression, AD-related traits, and microglial morphology using dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples from two brain collections (ROSMAP: n=63, NYBB: n=91). An image segmentation pipeline using CellProfiler was developed to extract features from entire tissue sections. The pipeline automatically delineated gray and white matter regions and segmented 1,120,780 gray matter microglia. In a meta-analysis of the two datasets, we find an increase in frequency of microglia with high CD74 expression (CD74high) in relation to AD dementia (p = 0.038), particularly in the phase of terminal, accelerated cognitive decline before death. These microglia have a more rounded, amoeboid shape (ROSMAP: p = 1.4x10-6; NYBB: p = 2x10-13) which is a characteristic morphology of activated stage III microglia. Results were consistent across both datasets, highlighting the robustness of our cellular segmentation approach. This study identifies a potential role for CD74high microglia and the CD74 ligand MIF in cognitive decline, and it provides evidence for a partially overlapping but distinct role for CD74high microglia and morphologically defined stage III microglia, whose functional properties have remained poorly understood. These CD74high microglia appear to be enriched for genes involved in cytokine response for class I and II antigen presentation, as well as regulation of T cell proliferation. These findings begin to link microglial subtypes defined by single-cell transcriptomic data with those characterized by classical morphological criteria to resolve the roles of different microglial functions to distinct stages in the trajectory to AD.