Extracellular Vesicles in Arthropods: Biogenesis, Functions, Isolation Methods and Applications.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by cells that are involved in multiple forms of intercellular communication and show promising potential for biotechnological applications. Arthropod-derived EV research remains relatively fragmented in contrast to the extensively studied mammalian EV field. In this review, we present a comprehensive synthesis of over 100 studies exploring EV biology across arthropods - including insects, arachnids and crustaceans. Specifically, we summarise the key proteins involved in EV biogenesis and trafficking and provide an overview of the diverse biological roles of EVs in arthropod systems. These include (i) roles in developmental, neurobiological and reproductive processes, as well as in ageing, starvation and protein homeostasis; and (ii) involvement in immunity, vector-pathogen-host dynamics and host-parasite interactions. In addition, we provide an overview of current EV isolation methodologies and their application in arthropod studies, as well as explore the emerging biotechnological potential of arthropod-derived EVs. Finally, we address key challenges in the field, including technical limitations in EV isolation, existing knowledge gaps and opportunities for biotechnological applications. By identifying technical limitations and knowledge gaps, as well as proposing directions for future research, we provide a timely and comprehensive resource to guide the progress of arthropod EV research.