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We reconstruct the events surrounding John Scott Russell's first observation of a solitary wave, which would become a foundational myth of both nonlinear wave theory and Scottish engineering science. We place the experiments in the context of the Scottish canals during the rise of steam locomotion and of Russell's attempts to establish a scientific reputation from a position that was both socially and intellectually marginal and financially insecure. We further examine the changing uses of Russell's account of his observation, in his own publications and afterward, including his bid for the Chair of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh in 1838.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2025.2551062 | DOI Listing |
Vaccine
September 2025
Pfizer Canada, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada.
The estimand framework as outlined in ICH E9(R1) has been extensively discussed and implemented in clinical trials of therapeutic products. However, there is limited literature on the application of the framework in preventive vaccine trials, which has many unique characteristics, including emphasis on estimating the per-protocol or "biological" effect. We provide a comprehensive review of the application of the framework to preventive vaccine trials evaluating clinical outcome and immunogenicity, focusing on commonly encountered intercurrent events including but not limited to: noncompliance with vaccination schedule and blood sampling window, infection not meeting protocol definition, death, and use of prohibited products.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLancet Glob Health
August 2025
Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Background: Globally, the burden of chronic kidney disease and ensuing need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT)-dialysis or kidney transplantation-are increasing. Despite the mortality benefit of transplantation over dialysis, dialysis services are expanding more rapidly than access to transplantation. We aimed to cross-sectionally assess the association between country-level KRT rates and chronic kidney disease mortality to facilitate evidence-based prioritisation of KRT modalities.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLancet Public Health
September 2025
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Hans Rosling Center for Population Health, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address:
Background: The Triple Aim of health care-defined as the simultaneous pursuit of positive patient experience, positive health outcomes, and low spending-has been established as a goal for health-care systems. The US health-care system has high rates of health spending and poor health outcomes relative to other countries, although there is substantial variation within the country at both state and county level. Assessing which US counties have been most successful in achieving the Triple Aim, and which implemented policies are associated with high performance, could be valuable for developing policies that improve health care nationwide.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Adv
August 2025
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
Inhibition of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is under increasing investigation for its therapeutic potential in many diseases. Existing AMPK inhibitors are however limited, with poor selectivity and substantial off-target effects. Here, we provide mechanistic insights and describe the cellular selectivity of the recently identified AMPK inhibitor BAY-3827.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJAMA Health Forum
August 2025
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
Importance: Achieving equitable access to medicines requires understanding of how pharmaceutical use and spending vary by race and ethnicity across the US.
Objective: To quantify variation in prescription drug utilization and spending per capita and per prevalent case by race, ethnicity, health condition, payer, and US state.
Design, Setting, And Participants: In this cross-sectional study, the US Disease Expenditure project was extended to incorporate disaggregation by race and ethnicity for state-level retail prescription drug utilization and spending-in addition to 143 health conditions, 38 age and sex groups, and 4 payers (Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, and out of pocket)-across the 2019 population in all 50 states and Washington, DC.