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Article Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits, profoundly affecting individuals and their families. The etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, endocrine, and immunological risk factors. It is thought that schizophrenia is exclusively linked to alterations in brain structure and function, while the relationship between the brain and many organs may lack sufficient attention. Increasing evidence indicates abnormalities of the interactions between the brain and many organs in patients with schizophrenia. Inter-organ crosstalk affects the onset, course, and management of schizophrenia. Besides, the complex relationship between autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system further facilitates the development of schizophrenia. The present review summarizes the relationships between the brain and multiple organ systems in schizophrenia, providing new perspectives on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12362655 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i8.107696 | DOI Listing |
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