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Article Abstract
To overcome the instability and scalability challenges of perovskite solar cells, we engineer zwitterionic choline bitartrate as a dual-functional additive. Its tartrate anions passivate undercoordinated Pb defects through multidentate coordination, while choline cations suppress halide vacancy migration. This synergistic mechanism enables CsFAMA-based devices to achieve 24.92% efficiency (0.05 cm) with exceptional scalability of 24.12% (1 cm) and 21.37% (36 cm modules), while suppressing PbI impurities, enlarging grains, and retaining >95% of the initial power conversion efficiency after 600 h at 85 °C, establishing a new paradigm for stable, high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.
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