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We report and analyze three cases of disseminated BCG infection in infants after BCG vaccination that occurred between 2022 and 2024 in Chaoyang District, Beijing, which were the only three monitored during the clinical application we conducted. All the patients had primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). Two cases had defects in the JAK3 and TNFRSF13B genes; one case had multiple gene defects in CR2, IFNAR2, TLR2, and exon 13 of DOCK11. Disseminated BCG infection is a rare adverse reaction after BCG vaccination. It occurs almost exclusively in immunodeficient infants or children. Although it rarely occurs, it is necessary to pay more attention to clinical practice because of its serious consequences.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2025.2537482 | DOI Listing |
Vaccine
September 2025
Hospital for Gynaecology and Obstetrics Kranj, Kidričeva cesta 38a, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, with around 10 million new cases reported annually and multidrug-resistant strains complicating control efforts. Although incidence has declined in many high-income regions, neonatal populations remain vulnerable, underscoring the continued role of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. BCG vaccination provides strong protection against severe forms of TB in infancy, though its efficacy against pulmonary disease in adolescents and adults is modest.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCureus
July 2025
Respiratory Medicine, Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust, Dartford, GBR.
Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is a well-established treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Although it is typically associated with local irritative symptoms, rare systemic and pulmonary complications can occur, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis and miliary tuberculosis. We report the case of a 70-year-old man who developed diffuse miliary pulmonary micronodules and ground-glass opacities after his 12th BCG instillation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHum Vaccin Immunother
December 2025
Immunization Program Department, Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
We report and analyze three cases of disseminated BCG infection in infants after BCG vaccination that occurred between 2022 and 2024 in Chaoyang District, Beijing, which were the only three monitored during the clinical application we conducted. All the patients had primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). Two cases had defects in the JAK3 and TNFRSF13B genes; one case had multiple gene defects in CR2, IFNAR2, TLR2, and exon 13 of DOCK11.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMedicina (B Aires)
August 2025
Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Over the last decade, the management of biologic therapies during pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients has significantly evolved, shifting from uncertainty to robust evidence. Initially, in 2006, the use of these treatments was discouraged due to insufficient safety data and potential fetal risks. Notable cases, such as the fatal disseminated BCG infection in a newborn exposed to infliximab, highlighted the importance of neonatal monitoring and led to guidelines restricting live-virus vaccinations until 12 months.
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June 2025
Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, Guwahati, IND.
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) refers to a group of genetic conditions predisposing an individual to environmental mycobacteria and other intracellular pathogens, leading to disseminated infection. Nine MSMD genes have been identified, which include seven autosomal (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12RB1, ISG15, and IRF8) and two X-linked (NEMO and CYBB) genes. MSMD patients present with disseminated BCGosis or with symptoms of non-tuberculous (NTM).
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