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Understanding reward processing is essential for comprehending human behavior, from motivation and learning to affective disorders and addiction. Most research assumes a global sensitivity to reward, overlooking specific sensitivities to different stimuli. However, recent studies have revealed variability in music reward sensitivity, including healthy individuals with specific musical anhedonia - an impaired ability to derive pleasure from music despite intact responses to other rewards. This review explores individual differences in music reward and potential causes of musical anhedonia. We propose a brain model suggesting that reward experiences depend on both the overall functioning of the reward system and specific perceptual-reward network interactions. Finally, we discuss how this model and methodologies from music research can be applied to other rewarding stimuli.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2025.06.015 | DOI Listing |
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
September 2025
Medical University of Innsbruck, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Innsbruck, Austria.
Orthopaedic trials frequently rely on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to measure primary end points. Thresholds for clinically meaningful score differences are then used to interpret PRO scores and support result interpretation. At the patient level, thresholds are used to determine if an individual patient has experienced a clinically meaningful improvement or deterioration, which evaluates whether or not they are a treatment responder.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTheriogenology
August 2025
Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Dystocia is a common problem in dogs. It is often resolved by emergency caesarean section, which is an invasive procedure that poses a risk to the dam and her puppies, and can cause postoperative discomfort. The risk of death to both puppies and dams can be decreased by elective caesarean section in bitches with a high risk of dystocia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Insect Physiol
September 2025
Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address:
Triatomines are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Their locomotor activity is influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors, but whether individual behavioral profiles persist across developmental stages remains unclear. This study evaluated non-oriented locomotor activity in Rhodnius prolixus under varying nutritional states (short-fasting, long-fasting, fed), developmental stages (5th instar nymphs and adults), sex (males and females), and light phase (photophase vs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBehav Brain Res
September 2025
École de psychologie, Université de Moncton, Faculté des sciences de la santé et des services communautaires. Electronic address:
During Pavlovian conditioning, Sign-Tracker (ST), Goal-Tracker (GT), and Intermediate (IN) phenotypes emerge, as characterized by the degree to which an individual attributes incentive salience to reward-associated cues. These operationally defined phenotypes differ in other respects: In human studies, STs tend to favor bottom-up attention, while GTs tend to favor top-down attention. There is some limited evidence that rats exhibit similar patterns during Pavlovian conditioning.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Neurosci Methods
September 2025
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Background: Cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs), elicited via single-pulse electrical stimulation, are used to map brain networks. These responses comprise early (N1) and late (N2) components, which reflect direct and indirect cortical connectivity. Reliable identification of these components remains difficult due to substantial variability in amplitude, phase, and timing.
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