Intercropping with Gramineous Plants in Nutrient Solutions as a Tool to Optimize the Use of Iron in .

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intercropping . with three perennial grasses ( L., L., and L.) under varying levels of iron (Fe) availability (Fe0, Fe1 and Fe5) in nutrient solutions. The research focused on biomass accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency, root development, nutrient uptake, and oxidative stress response. In the absence of Fe, sp. exhibited chlorosis, reduced biomass, and increased ferric chelate reductase (FCR) enzyme activity as an adaptive response. plants intercropped with sp. maintained higher chlorophyll (Chl) levels and photosystem II efficiency (F/F values), mitigating Fe deficiency effects. Catalase activity and polyphenol production varied with intercropping species, indicating differential stress response mechanisms. Intercropping improved Zn, Mn, and P accumulation, with sp. facilitating greater Zn and Mn uptake. Intercropping sp. with specific grass species offers potential agronomic benefits by improving Fe use efficiency, mitigating stress, and enhancing nutrient uptake. Future research should focus on optimizing intercropping combinations for sustainable agricultural practices.