Development of an epitope-based vaccine from adhesion protein: addressing antibiotic resistance through immune-informatics.

is increasingly recognized for its role in severe health conditions, including sexually transmitted infections, ovarian and prostate cancer. The adhesion protein plays a crucial role in the pathogen's ability to attach to and invade host cells, making it a key target for vaccine development. The need to develop a vaccine against stems from its rising antibiotic resistance, limited treatments and effectiveness. This study focuses on the design and computational evaluation of adhesion protein-based epitope vaccine. Through an immunoinformatic approach, multiple novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and linear B-cell epitopes were identified from the adhesion protein, demonstrating strong antigenic, non-allergenic, and immunogenic properties. The vaccine construct's 3D structure was validated using Ramachandran plot analysis, ProSA, and ERRAT servers, confirming its stability and suitability. Molecular docking studies revealed a high binding affinity of the vaccine with the TLR-2 receptor, further supported by 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that confirmed the structural stability and robust interaction of the vaccine with immune receptors. In silico immune simulations using the C-ImmSim server demonstrated the vaccine's potential to elicit strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Codon optimization for expression in using the pET-29a(+) vector predicted efficient production of the vaccine. The comprehensive computational analysis, underscores the potential of this epitope-based vaccine as a promising candidate against infections. However, the study emphasizes the necessity of in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the vaccine's efficacy and safety before advancing to clinical trials.