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Article Abstract
Implantable cardiac pacemakers are small medical devices surgically inserted into the chest to control abnormal heart rhythms. At present, commercial pacemakers are battery-operated and lack a self-charging mechanism. Utilizing a self-powered pacemaker can extend their functional lifespan inside the body and reduce the need for high-risk repeat surgeries. Thus, human energy harvesting is regarded as a potential solution to the challenges, by which effectively capturing the heart's complex movements could significantly enhance energy harvesting opportunities. The piezoelectric-based energy harvesting technique presents a promising option for converting biomechanical energy into electrical energy, offering high energy densities. Herein, this review paper introduces the concept of piezoelectricity, followed by a detailed discussion on piezoelectric-based pacemakers; this includes an investigation of piezoelectric materials for improved flexibility, stretchability, biocompatibility, higher power output, and application and testing. A brief discussion comparing piezoelectric-based pacemakers with alternate energy harvester-based pacemakers is presented. Additionally, current challenges, plausible solutions, and future perspectives are also discussed.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00298 | DOI Listing |
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