Deciphering the complex signaling networks in phytophthora infected plants: Insights into microbiome interactions and plant defense mechanisms.

Phytophthora species are destructive plant pathogens that cause severe economic losses in agriculture and natural ecosystems, known for their rapid spread through soil and water and resistance to conventional control methods. Understanding the complex signaling networks activated in plants during Phytophthora infection is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This review summarizes research findings on Phytophthora-plant interactions, with special emphasis on Phytophthora-plant microbiome interactions. Initially, molecular mechanisms involved in the plant response to Phytophthora infection are discussed, further emphasizing key signaling pathways activated by Phytophthora in host plants. The role of phytohormones in imparting resistance to Phytophthora infections is explored in depth. Additionally, the interaction and effects of Phytophthora and the plant immune system with the plant microbiome are examined, highlighting how these interactions facilitate disease and/or aid in plant defense. Various biotechnological approaches for enhancing plant resistance to Phytophthora, including recent technologies like CRISPR-Cas systems, are also reviewed. The conclusion addresses the need for further research into signaling networks within Phytophthora-plant-microbiome interactions and their future implications for crop protection.