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Article Abstract
Pain in the context of cardiothoracic surgery can be attributed to multiple factors. Furthermore, cardiothoracic procedure-related pain can be significant and can lead to multiple morbidities including chronic pain syndromes when left undertreated. Even though opioids remain mainstay of treatment for these procedures, opioid-sparing techniques utilizing a well-developed multimodal regimen can be important in the proper pain management of this patient population. It is imperative for the anesthesiologist to understand the multiple pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities available, the benefits and adverse effects, and the literature supporting the utility of these methods.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12324763 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_215_24 | DOI Listing |
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