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Bioimaging technologies are indispensable for deciphering cellular dynamics, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic responses. However, conventional agents are limited by photobleaching, poor tissue penetration, and nonspecific distribution. These shortcomings hinder real-time visualization of deep tissues and complex pathologies. Surface-engineered nanoprobes have revolutionized bioimaging and theranostics by addressing these limitations. This review systematically explores the molecular design principles and biomedical applications of these advanced nanoprobes. We highlight several major surface engineering strategies (ligand-mediated targeting, environmental responsiveness, charge engineering, surface coating and core-shell structure) and their applications to high-resolution, dynamic and real-time, multimodal imaging. Finally, we outline future perspectives for surface-engineered nanoprobes, emphasizing critical challenges in clinical translation. These insights provide foundational guidance for advancing next-generation nanotheranostic platforms with enhanced clinical relevance and functional sophistication.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d5cc01255d | DOI Listing |
ACS Appl Bio Mater
August 2025
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
Targeted imaging of the lymphatic system is essential for the early diagnosis and management of lymphatic disorders, such as lymphedema. In this study, we developed a lymphatic-targeted fluorescent nanoprobe by encapsulating indocyanine green (ICG) within poly(lactic--glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, further surface-modified with hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol (HA-PEG) to enhance specificity (HA-PEG-ICG/PLGA NPs). The nanoparticles were synthesized a microemulsion technique followed by surface cross-linking, and thoroughly characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, fluorescence emission analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and ζ-potential measurements, confirming their physicochemical stability and functionalization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Commun (Camb)
July 2025
Joint Research Center for Food Derived Functional Factors and Synthetic Biology of IHM, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Sc
Bioimaging technologies are indispensable for deciphering cellular dynamics, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic responses. However, conventional agents are limited by photobleaching, poor tissue penetration, and nonspecific distribution. These shortcomings hinder real-time visualization of deep tissues and complex pathologies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAcc Chem Res
February 2023
Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
Surface-modified lanthanide nanoparticles have been widely developed as an emerging class of therapeutics for cancer treatment because they exhibit several unique properties. First, lanthanide nanoparticles exhibit a variety of diagnostic capabilities suitable for various image-guided therapies. Second, a large number of therapeutic molecules can be accommodated on the surface of lanthanide nanoparticles, which can simultaneously achieve combined cancer therapy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnal Chem
February 2022
Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy is an emerging super-resolution imaging platform for the study of the cellular structure. Developing suitable fluorescent probes of small size, good photostability, and easy functionalization is still in demand. Herein, we introduce a new type of surface-engineered gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) that are ultrasmall (1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Appl Mater Interfaces
August 2015
School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
Dual-modal imaging techniques have gained intense attention for their potential role in the dawning era of tumor early accurate diagnosis. Chelate-free robust dual-modal imaging nanoprobes with high efficiency and low toxicity are of essential importance for tumor targeted dual-modal in vivo imaging. It is still a crucial issue to endow Cd-free dual-modal nanoprobes with bright fluorescence as well as high relaxivity.
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