Nicotine and tar-multiple targets synergize to alter the immune micro-environment to induce prostate cancer.

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is a common urinary system malignancy in men, and smoking is a clear risk factor. Among them, nicotine and tar in cigarettes play a key role in the development of PC, but the specific mechanism is not completely clear.

Objective: To explore the mechanism of PC immune inflammation caused by nicotine and tar, and to provide the theoretical basis and new targets for the prevention and treatment of PC.

Methods: Through network toxicology and immune infiltration analysis, to analyze the effects of nicotine and tar on PC related cells and tissues, and machine analysis of related cytokines, signaling pathway and gene expression changes. Key genes were validated by immunohistochemistry and in vitro cellular assays.

Results: This study screened multiple targets of nicotine and tar that may be related to the occurrence of PC. In addition, based on these targets and signaling pathways, they may be key molecular mechanisms leading to PC. In the formation and progression of PC, we found significant infiltration of M2 macrophages, with increased secretion of VEGF, MMPs, IL-10, etc., promoting tumor angiogenesis, extracellular matrix degradation, and leading to immune escape in the body. Inhibition of T cell activity, macrophages interact with tumor cells, smooth muscle cells, affect each other's functions. Functional of CD8 + T cells, tumor cells promote immune escape by binding of PD-L1 and PD-1. Hub targets such as MAOA and MAOB are affected by nicotine and tar, interference with neurotransmitters, hormones, lipid metabolism, activation of the inflammatory signals, altering the immune microenvironment, to promote the development and development of PC.

Conclusion: Nicotine and tar may contribute to the development of PC through complex immuno-inflammatory mechanisms, and in-depth study of these mechanisms could help develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies for PC.