Testing the Attractive Appeal of Desmodium Infochemicals to Key Parasitoids of the Vegetable Integrated Push-Pull Cropping System.

Biological control agents heavily rely on volatile cues for host location and can be an important component of managing pests through habitat management-based strategies that enhance trophic interactions. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of greenleaf desmodium (Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb. (Fabaceae) infochemicals on the behaviour of three select parasitoids of kale pests (aphids and Diamondback moth), to determine the potential of enhancing the protection of vegetables in integrated push-pull cropping systems. To achieve this, the volatile-mediated behavioural responses of the parasitoids towards D. intortum volatiles were evaluated using a dual-choice Y-tube olfactometer. Our results showed that Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitic wasp for Diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella (Linneaus)) was not attracted to volatiles from D. intortum compared to DCM and empty oven bag controls. Nevertheless, D. intortum VOCs elicited higher parasitoid activity, whether in dual-choice comparisons with either empty oven bags or DCM controls, or when paired with kale plants. Conversely, volatiles from D. intortum were highly attractive to Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitic wasp of aphids. Interestingly, another aphid parasitic wasp, Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was attracted to volatiles from D. intortum only when paired with kales or by kales alone. Gas-chromatography mass spectrometry of D. intortum headspace volatiles revealed 16 compounds: hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, p-xylene, o-xylene, nonane, α-pinene, cumene, octen-3-ol, octanone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, sabinene, (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, β-elemene, (E)-β-caryophyllene and an unknown compound. In electroantennography assays, all parasitoid antennae commonly detected hexanal and, (E)-β-ocimene, whilst only C. vestalis and A. ervi registered common antennal responses to (E)-β-caryophyllene. Additionally, the antennae of A. colemani detected cumene, octen-3-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and an unknown compound whilst that of A. ervi and C. vestalis detected (Z)-3-hexenol and nonane, respectively. Dose-response olfactometer bioassays with the synthetic standards of hexanal, (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-β-caryophyllene revealed that the response of the three parasitic wasps varied with the concentrations of the individual standards. Specifically, (E)-β-ocimene and hexanal depicted a broad appeal to the tested parasitoids, by eliciting attraction at varying concentrations (P < 0.05). However, (E)-β-caryophyllene was selectively attractive to A. ervi, with no significant attraction observed in C. vestalis (P > 0.05). Our results show species- and -context -specific parasitoid attractive appeal of D. intortum. Nevertheless, our results show that D. intortum may help protect kales against aphid attack through parasitoid recruitment whilst another mechanism may be employed against DBM moth.