Influence of and Individual and Collaborative Inoculation on Flavor Characteristics of Rose Fermented Beverage.

This study investigates the impact of using and , either individually or in co-culture, on the fermentation of rose beverage. We comprehensively analyzed the resulting changes in quality characteristics and volatile compound profiles. Fermentation significantly altered the physicochemical properties, appearance, color, and free amino acid/organic acid content. Both microbial strains significantly increased total polyphenols and flavonoid content, with co-fermentation exhibiting a more pronounced effect compared to single-strain fermentations. Furthermore, the volatile compounds in rose beverages fermented with different microorganisms were characterized by an electronic nose (E-nose) and headspace-solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). E-nose analysis demonstrated distinct volatile profiles distinguishing the four fermentation samples. HS-SPME/GC-MS identified a total of 245 volatile compounds, among which alcohols constituted the most abundant class. Integrating GC-MS data with odor activity value (OAV ≥ 1) analysis pinpointed 34 key aroma compounds. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) based on variable importance in projection (VIP) identified eight key volatile markers: eugenol, phenylethyl alcohol, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid, methyleugenol, ethyl octanoate, citronellol, D-citronellol, and 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol. These findings provide valuable insights into the microbial influence on rose beverage quality and offer a theoretical basis for optimizing industrial fermentation processes.