Role of channels in the permeability of murine red blood cells I. Stopped-flow and hematological studies.

Many have believed that oxygen crosses red blood cell (RBC) membranes by dissolving in lipids that offer a finite resistance to diffusion or, alternatively, no resistance at all. In this first in a series of three interrelated papers, we examine these idea in murine RBCs. In this first paper, analyses of hemoglobin (Hb) absorbance spectra during off-loading from mouse RBCs indicate that RBC membranes do indeed offer resistance to diffusion, and that the resistance would be far higher if not for the presence of -permeable channels. Two agents-both excluded from the RBC interior-markedly reduce the rate constant for off-loading : p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (pCMBS) reduces membrane permeability ( by ~82% (computed from in paper #3), and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DIDS) by ~56%. Because neither likely produces these effects via membrane lipids, we examined RBCs from mice genetically deficient in aquaporin-1 (AQP1), the Rh complex ( = Rhesus blood group-associated A glycoprotein, RhAG + Rhesus blood group D antigen, RhD), or both. The double knockout (dKO) reduces by ~55%, and pCMBS+dKO, by ~91%. Proteomic analyses of RBC membranes, flow cytometry, hematology (see paper #2), and mathematical simulations (paper #3) rule out meaningful contributions from other membrane proteins, RBC geometry, or extracellular unconvected fluid (EUF). Our work represents a paradigm shift for physiology by identifying the first two animal channels, and points to the existence of at least a third, all of which could be subject to physiological regulation and pharmacological intervention.