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Article Abstract
Background: Craib (), a traditional treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), faces resource scarcity, leading to the emergence of potential substitutes in the market. Although these potential substitutes have shown properties that alleviate RA-symptoms, their therapeutic equivalence to still requires systematic validation.
Purpose: This study aims to identify suitable potential substitutes for and elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms for RA by conducting comparative analyses of metabolites and pharmacology among these potential substitutes.
Methods: Six botanical samples were analyzed LC-MS/MS for metabolite profiling and phenolic quantification. Pharmacological comparisons employed LPS-stimulated RAW264.7/MC3T3-E1 and MH7A cell models. Mechanistic studies on macrophage polarization (LPS/IL-4-induced RAW264.7), osteoblast mineralization, and synoviocyte behaviors (proliferation/migration/invasion) were conducted for top candidates.
Results: A total of 54 metabolites were identified in the samples by LC-MS/MS. showed the highest metabolite similarity to , and both and V contained higher levels of phenolic compounds than . Combined with the pharmacodynamic results, was superior V in anti-RA efficacy and was the only comparable potential substitute. Mechanistically, both and : Modulated M1/M2 macrophage polarization; Enhanced osteogenic markers (Runx2, Osx, Ocn) and mineralization; Inhibited synoviocyte proliferation/migration/invasion via Bcl-2 suppression and Caspase-3 activation.
Conclusion: Multidimensional analysis confirmed that is the optimal potential substitute for , with high similarity in both metabolites and biological activities between the two. Both botanical medicines can slow the progression of RA by regulating immune responses, stimulating osteoblast differentiation, and inducing synoviocyte apoptosis. This study provides critical evidence for the sustainable utilization of resources and expands treatment options for RA.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12104291 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1510170 | DOI Listing |
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