and its enhancement effect on the anti-inflammatory function of CII/Gln in MIA-induced osteoarthritis by protecting the intestinal barrier and gut microecology.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a globally chronic disease affecting middle-aged and elderly individuals, with growing evidences implicating gut microbiota in its pathogenesis. ZW3 (ZW3) shows potential in modulating gut microbiota, protecting intestinal barrier, and regulating immunity. This study explored the therapeutic effects of ZW3, alone and combined with CII/Gln, using a monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA model. Results indicated that ZW3 significantly mitigated cartilage damage and inflammation alone or combined with CII/Gln, possibly by improving intestinal integrity, reduced oxidative stress, and regulated MMPs expression. 16S rDNA sequencing showed ZW3, especially with CII/Gln, increased beneficial bacteria of and abundances. Furthermore, ZW3 or with CII/Gln elevated SCFAs levels in intestinal contents in OA rats. These findings propose a novel probiotic-based strategy, potentially combined with functional foods, for OA intervention and treatment.