Beyond 3D Printing: How AI is Shaping the Future of Craniomaxillofacial Bone Tissue Engineering.

This perspective focuses on the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bone tissue engineering, mitigating current challenges, and driving the development of tailored biomaterials and clinical translation. CMF bone tissue engineering faces significant challenges due to the complexity of bone defects, the limitations of traditional grafting methods, and the need for precise anatomical reconstruction. AI is revolutionizing CMF bone tissue engineering by leveraging vast computational power to analyze complex biological data, optimize treatment strategies, and enhance the development of next-generation regenerative solutions. AI facilitates the customization of scaffolds tailored to patient-specific defects, enables the implementation of drug delivery systems for controlled therapeutic release, drives the development of innovative biomaterials with improved biocompatibility, enhances reproducibility and precision in scaffold fabrication, and advances new additive technologies, such as AI-driven 3D and 4D printing, to enhance manufacturing accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, AI accelerates diagnostics and predictive modeling, enabling more effective decision-making in treatment planning and improving long-term clinical outcomes. Required standardized, updated protocols significantly improve transparency and reproducibility and effectively bridge the gap between preclinical research and clinical application, ensuring consistent validation and translation of AI-driven innovations. By integrating computational intelligence with regenerative medicine, AI is paving the way for personalized and efficient solutions in CMF bone reconstruction, offering transformative advancements in patient care and shaping the future of precision medicine in regenerative therapies.