Exploring genomic regions and genes modulating plant height and flag leaf morphology in rice.

Plant height and flag leaf morphology critically affect plant yield because they determine above-ground plant biomass and photosynthate production. However, few genetic basis analyses and gene mining studies on plant height, flag leaf length, and flag leaf width have been performed, and there is little available information about the evolution and utilization of the underlying natural alleles. This study conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 689 rice accessions collected from diverse regions across the globe. The GWAS identified 73, 159, and 158 significant loci associated with plant height, flag leaf length, and flag leaf width, respectively. SD1 and NAL1 were also identified as superior alleles that could be used to improve plant architecture by reducing plant height and increasing flag leaf width, respectively. LEAF1 and its elite allele LEAF1, which simultaneously modulated plant height and flag leaf morphology, were isolated, and the LEAF1 knockout lines showed reduced flag leaf length and plant height, whereas LEAF1-complementary lines in the LEAF1 background had the opposite phenotypes. The results also showed that LEAF1 and SD1 evolved directly from wild rice and were mainly found in the Xian subgroup, whereas NAL1 might have originated from de novo mutation during domestication and was mainly found in the Geng subgroup. A joint haplotype analysis revealed that pyramiding SD1, NAL1, and LEAF1 in Type I accessions optimized plant architecture, reduced plant height, and enlarged the flag leaves. In addition, genomic regions and genes that had been convergently selected for these traits were identified by combining a population genetics analysis with a GWAS. These findings provide valuable genetic targets for molecular breeding that will improve plant height and flag leaf morphology in rice.