Formation of oxidative and cytotoxic products of tocopherols and their adsorption onto the surface of French fries when fried with rapeseed oil.

Food Chem

Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava SK-812 37, Slovakia.

Published: June 2025


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Article Abstract

This work examines the impact of frying (180 °C) French fries on the degradation of fatty acids and tocopherols in rapeseed oil, with a particular focus on the formation and adsorption of gamma-tocopheryl quinone on the surface of French fries. Gamma-tocopheryl quinone has a cytotoxic effect, and long-term exposure may alter DNA. It was found that gamma-tocopheryl quinone formed 1.2 times faster than alpha-tocopheryl quinone during pan-frying French fries. Addition of French fries also accelerated the hydrolysis of fatty acids, leading to a 1.3-fold increase in the rate of tocopherol degradation compared to heating pure oil. A new finding of this study is that gamma-tocopheryl quinone is the dominant oxidation product adsorbed onto the surface of French fries during frying, with its content being 1.5 times higher than that of alpha-tocopheryl quinone. The study highlights the need to reconsider using oils rich in gamma-tocopherol for frying to minimise health risks.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143701DOI Listing

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