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Several African countries, mainly the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and Uganda, are facing highly transmissible mpox clade Ib epidemics, prompting the World Health Organization to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. It has spread to key travel hubs like Kinshasa, Bujumbura, and Kampala, increasing international spread risks. Current mitigation efforts focus mainly on medical care, diagnostics, vaccination, and infection prevention, but overlook wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES). WES can be effective in detecting hotspots and enabling rapid response through enhanced data collection and genomic sequencing. This perspective article reviews the latest outbreak situation and advocates integrating WES into response strategies.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf006 | DOI Listing |
Med Sci (Paris)
September 2025
UMI233 TransVIHMI (Recherches translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, IRD, INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France.
For a long time neglected, the mpox virus has caused two public health emergency declarations by the World Health Organization in just two years. Rapid detection and characterization of the viral strains involved are crucial for better control of the disease. Recent work on viral genome sequencing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has shown the emergence in 2023 of clade Ib, with sustained human-to-human transmission and rapid spread to several other non-endemic neighboring countries, as well as outside Africa.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Virol Methods
September 2025
British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address:
In 2022, cases of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) in California contained a mutation in the TNF receptor gene (GR2G) that rendered the virus undetectable using a widely adopted public health diagnostic qPCR assay. This underscored the need for a dual-target PCR approach and prompted validation of a second target by the BCCDC Public Health Laboratory. In addition to the GR2G target validated in the original qPCR assay (and duplexed with the endogenous target human β-globin (HBG)), GP113 (OPG128) was identified and validated using both clinical samples and MPXV DNA controls.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLancet Microbe
September 2025
Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Electronic address:
Background: The spread of monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus monkeypox) clade Ib from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to neighbouring countries has raised global concerns, leading to WHO declaring mpox a public health emergency on Aug 14, 2024. We applied genomic epidemiology to investigate the causes of recurrent mpox outbreaks in the Central African Republic. We aimed to determine whether frequent zoonotic spillovers or increased human-to-human transmissions are driving mpox epidemiology.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS Med
September 2025
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
Background: Limited mpox vaccination coverage, declining cross-protection from historical smallpox vaccination campaigns, and persistent zoonotic reservoirs leave many sub-Saharan countries susceptible to mpox outbreaks. With millions of vaccine doses made available to the region since late 2024 and the absence of country-specific guidelines for allocation, estimating the country-specific impact of one-time mass vaccination strategies is necessary for ongoing outbreaks and other countries at future risk.
Methods And Findings: We adapted a next generation matrix model to project disease transmission potential for 47 sub-Saharan countries from 2025 to 2050 under four transmission scenarios with different contributions of community versus sexual contacts.
Lancet Microbe
August 2025
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China; BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, NS, Canada. Electronic address: d