Article Synopsis
- The study focuses on developing "all-cellulose bioinks" for 3D bioprinting, using combinations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC).
- The addition of NFC enhances the printability and reduces the degradation rate of the bioinks, making them more effective for 3D printing applications.
- When tested with human skin and cartilage cells, the bioinks showed high cell viability (over 80%) for at least 7 days, indicating their potential for creating 3D living structures in biomedical fields.
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Article Abstract
The development of bioink formulations with suitable properties is fundamental for the progress of 3D bioprinting. The potential of cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, in this realm has often been underestimated, relegating it essentially to a reinforcement additive of bioinks. In this work, cell-laden bioink formulations, composed exclusively of cellulose, viz., "all-cellulose bioinks", were developed by combining carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in different mass proportions (90/10, 80/20, and 70/30%). The incorporation of NFC increases the printability of the inks (from Pr = 0.7 to 0.9) while maintaining their shear-thinning behavior, and increasing contents of NFC also decrease the degradation rate of the hydrogels after 7 days. The bioprinting of the cell-laden formulations, with HaCaT (keratinocyte) and ATDC5 (chondrogenic) cells, resulted in high (>80%) cell viabilities for up to 7 days, corroborating the versatility of the bioinks and their potential to originate distinct 3D living structures for biomedical applications.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01546 | DOI Listing |
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