Innovations in primary healthcare in Slovenia 2011-2020: Exploring the stepwise process behind effective implementation.

Countries worldwide seek to strengthen their primary healthcare systems often through introducing health promotion and disease prevention, multidisciplinary teams, group practices and community approaches to advance universal health coverage. These strategies are underpinned by scientific evidence and international standards. Slovenia's primary healthcare system reflects many of these features, with universally accessible, multidisciplinary, and integrated health services, emphasizing health promotion, disease prevention, and equity. Municipal primary healthcare centres serve as hubs within local communities. Slovenia's efforts to strengthen the delivery model are continuous and follow a controlled stepwise implementation process. This approach has strong policy support and organizational and implementation capacities. This paper describes Slovenia's primary healthcare model and three innovations between 2011 and 2020: (1) family medicine model practices, (2) health promotion centres, and (3) mental health centres. These innovations are used both to showcase the efforts of Slovenia to enhance primary healthcare and as a lens to explore Slovenia's established primary healthcare innovation implementation approach. The three innovations have had a positive impact on health outcomes in the short- to medium-term, but mixed health system and implementation outcomes. Slovenia's experience can inspire other countries looking to sustainably integrate primary healthcare fully or effectively introduce single innovations in their primary healthcare systems.