Exploring the relationship between polycystic ovarian syndrome, testosterone, and multiple sclerosis in women: A nationwide cohort study and genome-wide cross-trait analysis.

Background: Women have a higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), potentially due to hormonal factors. Elevated testosterone levels, common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), might influence MS risk.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between PCOS, as a proxy for elevated testosterone levels, and MS risk through phenotypic and genomic analysis.

Methods: Cox regression models analysed the association between PCOS and MS risk. The genome-wide cross-trait analysis examined the genetic architecture.

Results: In a Swedish cohort of 1,374,529 women, 77 (0.3%) with PCOS and 3,654 (0.3%) without PCOS were diagnosed with MS. After adjusting for birth year and obesity, no association was found between PCOS and MS ( = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.72-1.15), which was confirmed by Mendelian randomization analysis, where genetically predicted PCOS propensity, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), or testosterone levels did not causally affect MS risk (all -values > 0.05). By exploring horizontal pleiotropy, we identified shared genetic regions and 19 independent pleiotropic SNPs for SHBG with MS and 11 for testosterone with MS.

Conclusion: We did not find evidence for a causal role of PCOS, as a proxy of elevated testosterone, in reducing the risk of MS in women. The shared genetic loci between testosterone, SHBG, and MS provide biological insights.