Large Language Models for Simplified Interventional Radiology Reports: A Comparative Analysis.

Purpose: To quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate and compare the performance of leading large language models (LLMs), including proprietary models (GPT-4, GPT-3.5 Turbo, Claude-3-Opus, and Gemini Ultra) and open-source models (Mistral-7b and Mistral-8×7b), in simplifying 109 interventional radiology reports.

Methods: Qualitative performance was assessed using a five-point Likert scale for accuracy, completeness, clarity, clinical relevance, naturalness, and error rates, including trust-breaking and post-therapy misconduct errors. Quantitative readability was assessed using Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), SMOG Index, and Dale-Chall Readability Score (DCRS). Paired t-tests and Bonferroni-corrected p-values were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Qualitative evaluation showed no significant differences between GPT-4 and Claude-3-Opus for any metrics evaluated (all Bonferroni-corrected p-values: p = 1), while they outperformed other assessed models across five qualitative metrics (p < 0.001). GPT-4 had the fewest content and trust-breaking errors, with Claude-3-Opus second. However, all models exhibited some level of trust-breaking and post-therapy misconduct errors, with GPT-4-Turbo and GPT-3.5-Turbo with few-shot prompting showing the lowest error rates, and Mistral-7B and Mistral-8×7B showing the highest. Quantitatively, GPT-4 surpassed Claude-3-Opus in all readability metrics (all p < 0.001), with a median FRE score of 69.01 (IQR: 64.88-73.14) versus 59.74 (IQR: 55.47-64.01) for Claude-3-Opus. GPT-4 also outperformed GPT-3.5-Turbo and Gemini Ultra (both p < 0.001). Inter-rater reliability was strong (κ = 0.77-0.84).

Conclusions: GPT-4 and Claude-3-Opus demonstrated superior performance in generating simplified IR reports, but the presence of errors across all models, including trust-breaking errors, highlights the need for further refinement and validation before clinical implementation.

Clinical Relevance/applications: With the increasing complexity of interventional radiology (IR) procedures and the growing availability of electronic health records, simplifying IR reports is critical to improving patient understanding and clinical decision-making. This study provides insights into the performance of various LLMs in rewriting IR reports, which can help in selecting the most suitable model for clinical patient-centered applications.