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Background: This study evaluates the accuracy and readability of Google, ChatGPT-3.5, and 4.0 (two versions of an artificial intelligence model) responses to common questions regarding bunion surgery.
Methods: A Google search of "bunionectomy" was performed, and the first ten questions under "People Also Ask" were recorded. ChatGPT-3.5 and 4.0 were asked these ten questions individually, and their answers were analyzed using the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease and Gunning-Fog Level algorithms.
Results: When compared to Google, ChatGPT-3.5 and 4.0 had a larger word count with 315 ± 39 words (p < .0001) and 294 ± 39 words (p < .0001), respectively. A significant difference was found between ChatGPT-3.5 and 4.0 compared to Google using Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (p < .0001).
Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ChatGPT provided significantly lengthier responses than Google and there was a significant difference in reading ease. Both platforms exceeded the seventh to eighth-grade reading level of the U.S.
Level Of Evidence: N/A.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2024.08.002 | DOI Listing |
Environ Monit Assess
September 2025
Institute of Earth Sciences, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia.
Sustainable urban development requires actionable insights into the thermal consequences of land transformation. This study examines the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) changes on land surface temperature (LST) in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, between 1998 and 2024. Using Google Earth Engine (GEE), three machine learning algorithms-random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and classification and regression tree (CART)-were applied for LULC classification.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFZhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi
September 2025
PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur - Agra - Delhi, NH#2, Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Hemocyanin is dissolved freely in hemolymph, the invertebrate blood substitute, in contrast to haemoglobin, which is encased in red blood cells. When oxygenated, this pigment gives mollusc and arthropod blood its characteristic blue or purple hue. This review article delves into the fascinating biology of hemocyanin, the copper-based oxygen-carrying protein responsible for "purple blood" in many invertebrates, contrasting its characteristics with the more familiar iron-based hemoglobin.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Med Internet Res
September 2025
Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom, 44 7534135812.
Background: Telemedicine has revolutionized the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in primary care by improving access to health care services and enhancing health outcomes. Despite these advancements, it remains unclear whether telemedicine has reduced access inequalities among different demographic and socioeconomic groups.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the most important demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with telemedicine use among individuals with T2DM in primary care.
Epilepsy Behav
September 2025
Danone Research & Innovation, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands. Electronic address:
Purpose: Ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) has been successfully used as an effective management option for drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) since the 1920 s. The ketogenic formulation studied here (KetoCal) is nutritionally complete, very high in fat, and low in carbohydrates and has played a crucial role in supporting the implementation of KDT for over twenty-five years. This scoping review aims to synthesise the existing literature regarding the safety, acceptability, and efficacy of the ketogenic formulation in supporting the management of DRE.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
September 2025
College of Business Administration, Northern Border University (NBU), Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The increasing dependence on cloud computing as a cornerstone of modern technological infrastructures has introduced significant challenges in resource management. Traditional load-balancing techniques often prove inadequate in addressing cloud environments' dynamic and complex nature, resulting in suboptimal resource utilization and heightened operational costs. This paper presents a novel smart load-balancing strategy incorporating advanced techniques to mitigate these limitations.
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