Telehealth development in the WHO European region: Results from a quantitative survey and insights from Norway.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic sent shock waves through societies, economies, and health systems of Member States in the WHO European Region and beyond. During the pandemic, most countries transitioned from a slow to a rapid adoption of telehealth solutions, to accommodate the public health and social measures introduced to mitigate the spread of the disease. As countries shift to a post-pandemic world, the question remains whether telehealth's importance as a mode of care provision in Europe continues to be significant.

Objective: This paper aims to present, synthesize, and interpret results from the Telehealth Programmes section of the 2022 WHO Survey on Digital Health (2022 WHO/Europe DH Survey). We specifically analyze the implementation and use of teleradiology, telemedicine, and telepsychiatry. Norwegian telehealth experiences will be used to illustrate survey findings, and we discuss some of the relevant barriers and facilitators that impact the use of telehealth services.

Methods: The survey tool was revised from the 2015 WHO Global Survey on eHealth, updated to reflect recent progress and policy priorities.The 2022 WHO/Europe DH Survey was conducted by WHO and circulated to Member States in its European Region from April to October 2022.

Results: The data analysis revealed that teleradiology, telemedicine, and telepsychiatry are the telehealth services most commonly used in the WHO European Region in 2022. Funding remains the most significant barrier to the implementation of telehealth in the Region, followed by infrastructure and capacity/human resources. The survey results highlighted in this study are presented in the following sections: (1) telehealth strategies and financing, (2) telehealth programmes and services offered by Member States of the WHO European Region, (3) barriers to implementing telehealth services, and (4) monitoring and evaluation of telehealth.

Conclusion: Based on WHO's 2022 survey, the use of telehealth in the WHO European Region is on the rise. However, merely having telehealth in place is not sufficient for its successful and sustained use for care provision. Responses also uncovered regional differences and barriers that need to be overcome. Successful implementation and scaling of telehealth requires rethinking the design of health and social care systems to create robust, trustworthy, and person-centred digital health and care services.