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The landscape of at-home testing using over-the-counter (OTC) tests has been evolving over the last decade. The United States Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization rule has been in effect since the early 2000s, and it was widely employed during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic to authorize antigen and nucleic acid detection tests for use in central laboratories as well as OTC. During the pandemic, the first at-home tests for respiratory viruses became available for consumer use, which opened the door for additional respiratory virus OTC tests. Concerns may exist regarding the public's ability to properly collect samples, perform testing, interpret results, and report results to public health authorities. However, favorable comparison studies between OTC testing and centralized laboratory test results suggest that OTC testing may have a place in healthcare, and it is likely here to stay. This mini-review of OTC tests for viral respiratory diseases will briefly cover the regulatory and reimbursement environment, current OTC test availability, as well as the advantages and limitations of OTC tests.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00312-23 | DOI Listing |
On October 17, 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally established a new category of hearing aids (HAs), now available over the counter (OTC).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Glob Antimicrob Resist
September 2025
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Electronic address:
Objectives: Non-prescription supply of antibiotics in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) significantly contributes to antibiotic resistance (ABR). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention for pharmacy practitioners (PPs) in reducing over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotic sales.
Methods: From August 1, 2022 to January 30, 2023 a total of 80 simulated client (SC) visits (40 pre-intervention; 40:post-intervention) were made in 40 CDROs of Bahir Dar city, to determine the baseline and post-intervention extent of OTC sale of antibiotics.
Curr Drug Res Rev
July 2025
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
The worldwide market for over-the-counter (OTC) medications is quickly developing, providing consumers with increased self-medication options while facing substantial regulatory issues due to varied approval procedures, labeling regulations, and safety standards between nations. Despite efforts to standardize regulatory frameworks, differences in component classification, dosage limitations, and risk assessment standards impede producers, healthcare professionals, and lawmakers. This analysis looks at the regulatory environment of over-thecounter pharmaceuticals in major countries, including the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and regulatory organizations in Asia- Pacific and developing economies, highlighting notable disparities in approval procedures, marketing authorization, and pharmacovigilance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChemosphere
August 2025
Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain; CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basq
Sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline are antibiotics widely used to control or prevent bacterial diseases. They are frequently detected in soil, especially in soils fertilized with animal waste, and may cause toxic effects in non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida, at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFoot Ankle Orthop
July 2025
Orthopedic Clinic, Hannover Medical School in DIAKOVERE Annastift, Hannover, Germany.
Background: Assistive devices facilitate daily activities and recovery, and are essential for nonweightbearing ambulation after orthopaedic foot or ankle surgery.This study aimed to compare the usability of forearm crutches (FCs) and hands-free single crutches (HFSCs) during the early postoperative recovery phase in terms of their effects on mobility, speed, safety, range, endurance, personal preference, and quality of life.
Methods: This prospective randomized crossover study included 35 participants.