Sensitizing the Efficiency of ICIs by Neoantigen mRNA Vaccines for HCC Treatment.

This study builds upon the groundbreaking mRNA vaccine Nobel Prize win in 2023 for COVID-19 prevention, paving the way for next-generation mRNA cancer vaccines to revolutionize immunotherapy. Despite the existing challenges, such as the presence of a suppressive tumor microenvironment and the identification of cancer-associated antigens, recent results from the KEYNOTE-942 trial have successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of mRNA-based cancer treatments, providing clinical evidence for the first time. This trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with mRNA-based therapies in treating cancer. This advancement undeniably represents new hope for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, progress in this field remains limited. In this article, we summarized the current state of applying immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with neoantigen mRNA vaccines. Additionally, we discussed potential targets for designing novel mRNA vaccines and potential mRNA vaccine delivery vehicles. The objective of this article is to inspire enthusiasm for the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies that combine ICIs with neoantigen mRNA vaccines for HCC treatment and HCC prevention.