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Voluntary wheel running is a common measure of general activity in many rodent models across neuroscience and physiology. However, current commercial wheel monitoring systems can be cost-prohibitive to many investigators, with many of these systems requiring investments of thousands of dollars. In recent years, several open-source alternatives have been developed, and while these tools are much more cost effective than commercial system, they often lack the flexibility to be applied to a wide variety of projects. Here, we have developed PAW, a 3D Printable Arduino-based Wheel logger. PAW is wireless, fully self-contained, easy to assemble, and all components necessary for its production can be obtained for only $75 CAD. Furthermore, with its compact internal electronics, the 3D printed casing can be easily modified to be used with a wide variety of running wheel designs for a wide variety of rodent species. Data recorded with the PAW system shows circadian patterns of activity which is expected from mice and is consistent with results found in the literature. Altogether, PAW is a flexible, low-cost system that can be beneficial to a broad range of researchers who study rodent models.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00499 | DOI Listing |
Pharm Res
September 2025
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 W First St, Rm 211, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
Objective: A fundamental understanding of drug diffusion and binding processes is critical for the design and optimization of a wide variety of drug delivery devices. Most of the past literature assume binding to occur uniformly throughout the tissue, or, at best, in specific layers of a multilayer tissue. However, in many realistic scenarios, such as in cancer-targeting drugs, drug binding occurs in discrete irregularly shaped regions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Top Microbiol Immunol
September 2025
School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Fungi are essential for a wide variety of food products and processes. They have a major role in the production of many fermented foodstuffs, may be eaten directly as fruit bodies and mycelium, and are used to produce food additives. They contribute to food production worldwide, even in cultures which do not typically consume mushrooms, because yeasts and edible moulds are utilised in a great variety of fermentation processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTissue Cell
September 2025
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt.
The Mediterranean Sea is home to a wide variety of fish species that exhibit carnivorous behavior, particularly during the juvenile to pre-adult stages. This study aimed to compare the tongue morphology of four Mediterranean carnivorous fish species: the dusky grouper fish (Epinephelus marginatus), John Dory fish (Zeus faber), squirrelfish (Holocentrus spp.), and red lionfish (Pterois volitans).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrg Lett
September 2025
Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States.
This communication describes a straightforward method for the trifluoromethylborylation of unactivated alkenes. The reaction proceeds through the formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between a trifluoromethylthiophenium salt and bis(catechol)diboron under broad-spectrum white-light irradiation. Due to the mild reaction conditions, the trifluoromethylborylation tolerates a wide range of functional groups, including esters, acids, alcohols, epoxides, and a variety of heterocycles.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAppl Biochem Biotechnol
September 2025
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
Viruses are minuscule entities that cannot survive independently without a Living host. Pathogenic viruses pose a significant threat to global health, resulting annually in the deaths of thousands of people. Recent studies indicate that medicinal plants may serve as an effective source of sustainable natural antiviral agents.
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