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Optical nanoscopy, also known as super-resolution optical microscopy, has provided scientists with the means to surpass the diffraction limit of light microscopy and attain new insights into nanoscopic structures and processes that were previously inaccessible. In recent decades, numerous studies have endeavored to enhance super-resolution microscopy in terms of its spatial (lateral) resolution, axial resolution, and temporal resolution. In this review, we discuss recent efforts to push the resolution limit of stimulated emission depletion (STED) optical nanoscopy across multiple dimensions, including lateral resolution, axial resolution, temporal resolution, and labeling precision. We introduce promising techniques and methodologies building on the STED concept that have emerged in the field, such as MINSTED, isotropic STED, and event-triggered STED, and evaluate their respective strengths and limitations. Moreover, we discuss trade-off relationships that exist in far-field optical microscopy and how they come about in STED optical nanoscopy. By examining the latest developments addressing these aspects, we aim to provide an updated overview of the current state of STED nanoscopy and its potential for future research.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010026 | DOI Listing |
Sci Rep
August 2025
Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 64-95123, Catania, Italy.
Spectral imaging is a fluorescence microscopy technique with several applications, including imaging of environment-sensitive probes, spectral unmixing and identification of fluorescent species. In confocal microscopes not equipped with a spectral detection unit, spectral images can be obtained using the lambda scan mode of the microscope, namely the sequential acquisition of images using a tunable emission filter or other dispersive optical elements. Unfortunately, the lambda scan mode has poor temporal resolution, is a photon-wasting technique, and is not ideal for the spectral imaging of live samples.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLight Sci Appl
August 2025
NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
Collective oscillations of massless charge carriers in two-dimensional materials-Dirac plasmon polaritons (DPPs)-are of paramount importance for engineering nanophotonic devices with tunable optical response. However, tailoring the optical properties of DPPs in a nanomaterial is a very challenging task, particularly at terahertz (THz) frequencies, where the DPP momentum is more than one order of magnitude larger than that of the free-space photons, and DDP attenuation is high. Here, we conceive and demonstrate a strategy to tune the DPP dispersion in topological insulator metamaterials.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Photonics
August 2025
Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
Triggered by advances in atomic-layer exfoliation and growth techniques, along with the identification of a wide range of extraordinary physical properties in self-standing films consisting of one or a few atomic layers, two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other van der Waals (vdW) crystals now constitute a broad research field expanding in multiple directions through the combination of layer stacking and twisting, nanofabrication, surface-science methods, and integration into nanostructured environments. Photonics encompasses a multidisciplinary subset of those directions, where 2D materials contribute remarkable nonlinearities, long-lived and ultraconfined polaritons, strong excitons, topological and chiral effects, susceptibility to external stimuli, accessibility, robustness, and a completely new range of photonic materials based on layer stacking, gating, and the formation of moiré patterns. These properties are being leveraged to develop applications in electro-optical modulation, light emission and detection, imaging and metasurfaces, integrated optics, sensing, and quantum physics across a broad spectral range extending from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet, as well as enabling hybridization with spin and momentum textures of electronic band structures and magnetic degrees of freedom.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdv Sci (Weinh)
August 2025
Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
Nanoscale accuracy in single-molecule localization is a crucial function in wide-field super-resolution optical microscopy by surpassing the diffraction limit. However, achieving high localization accuracy remains a challenge due to limitations in the signal-to-noise ratio and the complexity of molecular environments. In this study, a novel polarization-enhanced single-molecule localization microscopy (P-SMLM) technique is introduced, incorporating dynamic polarization modulation to enhance the localization accuracy significantly.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanophotonics
August 2025
Material Property Metrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
We directly characterize nanoscale spatiotemporal inhomogeneities of multi-layered molybdenum diselenide (MoSe) in real space and time - the nanometre-femtosecond scale, attributing to local mechanical structures such as strain and surface/subsurface defects, which are critical in semiconductor and optoelectronic applications. This remarkable precision is achieved through the development of a hyper-temporal transient nanoscopy incorporating a sideband-coupled generalized lock-in amplification technique, allowing for characterization of local spatiotemporal defects at each pixel within a subwavelength mapping region. By utilizing this technique, we characterize the nanoscale strain-induced spatiotemporal defects of multi-layered MoSe, including nano-bubbles that exhibit a noticeable reduction in exciton-exciton annihilation rates, which may attribute to the suppressed probability of bimolecular interaction of excitons due to the strain-induced band distortion.
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