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Simulation-based assessment of digital twin systems for immunisation.
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The sub-Saharan African region bears the highest burden of rotavirus-associated morbidity and mortality, with substantial genetic diversity observed in circulating strains despite vaccine introduction. The G8 genotype, originally predominant in bovine strains, has increasingly become prevalent in humans, suggesting a possible interface of animal-to-human transmission and highlighting its role in African strain diversity. In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis of 21 archival G8P[4] strains collected through gastroenteritis surveillance in South Africa between 2009 and 2021 from children under five years of age.
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The introduction of MenAfriVac has significantly reduced group A meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt, but epidemics caused by other groups such as C, W, Y and X (MenCWYX) remain a threat. To address this, a new multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MMCV) has been developed and pre-qualified by WHO. This study extends a previously established transmission dynamic model for MenA to include MenCWYX, enabling evaluation of the potential impact of MMCVs under various vaccination strategies.
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