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Digital reconstructions provide an accurate and reliable way to store, share, model, quantify, and analyze neural morphology. Continuous advances in cellular labeling, tissue processing, microscopic imaging, and automated tracing catalyzed a proliferation of software applications to reconstruct neural morphology. These computer programs typically encode the data in custom file formats. The resulting format heterogeneity severely hampers the interoperability and reusability of these valuable data. Among these many alternatives, the SWC file format has emerged as a popular community choice, coalescing a rich ecosystem of related neuroinformatics resources for tracing, visualization, analysis, and simulation. This report presents a standardized specification of the SWC file format. In addition, we introduce xyz2swc, a free online service that converts all 26 reconstruction formats (and 72 variations) described in the scientific literature into the SWC standard. The xyz2swc service is available open source through a user-friendly browser interface ( https://neuromorpho.org/xyz2swc/ui/ ) and an Application Programming Interface (API).
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42931-x | DOI Listing |
Commun Biol
September 2025
Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg - Martinsried, Germany.
The internal resistance of axons to ionic current flow determines action potential conduction velocity. Although mitochondria support axonal function, axons have been modeled as organelle-free cables, and mitochondrial impact on conduction velocity, specifically by increasing internal resistance, remains understudied. We combine computational modeling and electron microscopy of forebrain premotor axons controlling birdsong production.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCommun Biol
September 2025
Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Primate lateral intraparietal area (LIP) has been directly linked to perceptual categorization and decision-making. However, the intrinsic LIP circuitry that gives rise to the flexible generation of motor responses to sensory instruction remains unclear. Using retrograde tracers, we delineate two distinct operational compartments based on different intrinsic connectivity patterns of dorsal and ventral LIP.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOpen Biol
September 2025
National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India.
E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the cellular proteome proteasome-dependent protein degradation; however, there exist limited studies outlining their non-canonical functions. RNA-binding ubiquitin ligases (RBULs) represent a subset of E3 ligases that harbour RNA-binding domains, making them uniquely positioned to function as both RNA-binding proteins and E3 ligases. Our initial microarray screen for E3 ligases from mouse cortical neural progenitor cells identified MEX3B, a known RNA-binding ubiquitin ligase, to be differentially expressed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Pollut
September 2025
Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for Full-Process Monitoring and Green Governance of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, especially bisphenol analogues. Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely studied compound, has been associated with various neurological disorders, leading to restrictions on its use and the subsequent adoption of alternative chemicals such as 4-hydroxy-4'-isopropoxydiphenylsulfone (BPSIP). However, concerns regarding the potential neurotoxicity of BPSIP have emerged.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng
September 2025
Force prediction is crucial for functional rehabilitation of the upper limb. Surface electromyography (sEMG) signals play a pivotal role in muscle force studies, but its non-stationarity challenges the reliability of sEMG-driven models. This problem may be alleviated by fusion with electrical impedance myography (EIM), an active sensing technique incorporating tissue morphology information.
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