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Dopamine (DA) signaling is essential for neurodevelopment and is particularly sensitive to disruption during adolescence. Protein restriction (PR) can impair DA dynamics, yet mechanistic insights remain limited due to challenges in real-time neurochemical sensing. Here, we present aptCFE, a robust implantable aptamer-based sensor fabricated via a reagent-free, 3 min electrochemical conjugation (E-conjugation) using amine-quinone chemistry.

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Cell type-specific regulatory programs that drive type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the pancreas are poorly understood. Here, we performed single-nucleus multiomics and spatial transcriptomics in up to 32 nondiabetic (ND), autoantibody-positive (AAB), and T1D pancreas donors. Genomic profiles from 853,005 cells mapped to 12 pancreatic cell types, including multiple exocrine subtypes.

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The study of plant biology has traditionally focused on investigations conducted at the tissue, organ, or whole plant level. However, single-cell transcriptomics has recently emerged as an important tool for plant biology, enabling researchers to uncover the expression profiles of individual cell types within a tissue. The application of this tool has revealed new insights into cell-to-cell gene expression heterogeneity and has opened new avenues for research in plant biology.

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Microscopic examination of biopsy tissues remains essential for cancer diagnosis, despite advancements in sequencing technologies. Alterations in nuclear size or the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio are hallmark features of cancer cells and often correlate with disease progression. However, the mechanisms underlying nuclear size abnormalities and their impact on tumor progression remain unclear.

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CpG-A induces liquid-liquid phase separation of HMGB1 to activate the RAGE-mediated inflammatory pathway.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

September 2025

State Key Laboratory of Green Biomanufacturing, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a chromatin-associated nonhistone protein widely distributed in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is transported extracellularly as a proinflammatory mediator or late warning protein to induce immune and inflammatory reactions upon stimuli such as microbial infection. Here, we have found that HMGB1 directly interacts with bacterial DNA analogue CpG-A in the extracellular environment to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via its positively charged DNA-binding domain.

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