Oxalate enhanced aniline degradation by goethite: Structural dependent activity, hydroxyl radicals generation and toxicity evaluation.

A photochemical system combining iron (hydr)oxides and oxalate (Ox) shows application prospects in wastewater treatment due to the abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Nevertheless, it is a challenge to the investigate photochemical activity of iron (hydr)oxides/Ox systems with varying structural properties. Herein, the photochemical behaviors of Ox on goethite (Gt) surface from the view of structural dependent activity, containment degradation, and ROS generation were explored in detail. Results confirmed that bidentate mononuclear was formed on Gt surface after complexing Ox. Combined with density functional theory calculation and pH time evolution during aniline degradation, the photochemical activity of the Gt/Ox system fell in between that of ferrihydrite/Ox and hematite/Ox systems. After irradiating 120 min visible light, 96.5% aniline was degraded by 1.0 mM Ox and 0.2 g/L Gt. The amount of •OH in vis/Gt/Ox system could be up to 309.3 μM and its generation was closely associated with Fe(II) while slightly affected by the generated HO. Moreover, as revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and Ecological Structure Activity Relationships software, the toxicity of the intermediates of aniline degradation in the vis/Gt/Ox system towards fish and green algae increased first but then declined accompanied by the generation of non-toxic ring-opening products at the end of reaction. According to the findings in the presented study, it could be concluded that vis/Gt/Ox is a promising approach to wiping out aniline wastewater.