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Despite the plethora of studies investigating listening effort and the amount of research concerning music perception by cochlear implant (CI) users, the investigation of the influence of background noise on music processing has never been performed. Given the typical speech in noise recognition task for the listening effort assessment, the aim of the present study was to investigate the listening effort during an emotional categorization task on musical pieces with different levels of background noise. The listening effort was investigated, in addition to participants' ratings and performances, using EEG features known to be involved in such phenomenon, that is alpha activity in parietal areas and in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), that includes the Broca's area. Results showed that CI users performed worse than normal hearing (NH) controls in the recognition of the emotional content of the stimuli. Furthermore, when considering the alpha activity corresponding to the listening to signal to noise ratio (SNR) 5 and SNR10 conditions subtracted of the activity while listening to the Quiet condition-ideally removing the emotional content of the music and isolating the difficulty level due to the SNRs- CI users reported higher levels of activity in the parietal alpha and in the homologous of the left IFG in the right hemisphere (F8 EEG channel), in comparison to NH. Finally, a novel suggestion of a particular sensitivity of F8 for SNR-related listening effort in music was provided.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10414671 | PMC |
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288461 | PLOS |
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September 2025
Hörzentrum Düsseldorf, Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
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Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
While blink analysis was traditionally conducted within vision research, recent studies suggest that blinks might reflect a more general cognitive strategy for resource allocation, including with auditory tasks, but its use within the fields of Audiology or Psychoacoustics remains scarce and its interpretation largely speculative. It is hypothesized that as listening conditions become more difficult, the number of blinks would decrease, especially during stimulus presentation, because it reflects a window of alertness. In experiment 1, 21 participants were presented with 80 sentences at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs): 0, + 7, + 14 dB and in quiet, in a sound-proof room with gaze and luminance controlled (75 lux).
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September 2025
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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August 2025
Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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August 2025
Hearing Research Laboratory, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:
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