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This article assesses the cool-hot executive function (EF) framework during childhood. First, conceptual analyses suggest that cool EF (cEF) is generally distinguished from hot EF (hEF). Second, both EFs can be loaded into different factors using confirmatory factor analyses. Third, the cognitive complexity of EF is similar across cEF tasks, and the cognitive complexity of cEF is similar to hEF tasks. Finally, neuroimaging analysis suggests that children activate the lateral prefrontal regions during all EF tasks. Taken together, we propose that the cool-hot framework is a useful, though not definitive way of characterizing differences in EF.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020313 | DOI Listing |
JAACAP Open
September 2025
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Objective: The current study aims to examine executive and social functioning in children and adolescents with Noonan syndromes, which contributes to the understanding of the cognitive and behavioral profile of this population and possible treatment options.
Method: A total of 26 children and adolescents with Noonan syndromes (including Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, and Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair; mean age = 11.92 years, SD = 2.
Alzheimers Dement
September 2025
Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Introduction: Among individuals who are amyloid biomarker-positive or apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers, arterial stiffness reflected by higher pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been associated with lower cognition cross-sectionally. Less is known about longitudinal associations.
Methods: The sample included 152 older adults without dementia.
Dev Sci
November 2025
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
Cognitive control shows two main developmental trends: greater self-directedness (i.e., children need less external scaffolding) and greater proactiveness (i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFReumatol Clin (Engl Ed)
September 2025
Mackenzie Evangelical School of Medicine, Curitiba, Brazil; Internal Medicine Post Graduate, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Positivo University, Curitiba, Brazil. Electronic address:
Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine cognitive dysfunction in a Brazilian sample of SLE patients for two years.
Methods: A sample of 50 individuals with SLE was assessed at baseline for epidemiological and treatment data, disease activity by SLEDAI 2K (SLE disease activity 2000), cumulative damage by SLICC/ACR DI (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index), depression by CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression) and cognitive function through MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). The same assessment was repeated after two years.
J Educ Health Promot
July 2025
Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Background: Obesity and hypertension are widespread health issues associated with changes in brain structure and cognitive function, especially in individuals who lead sedentary lifestyles. This research examines the connections between obesity, high blood pressure, brain structure, and cognitive abilities in people who lead a sedentary lifestyle.
Materials And Methods: The study involved 90 individuals aged between 18 and 35 years, who were categorized into three groups: control (n = 30), obese (n = 30), and hypertensive (n = 30).