Drinking water management strategies for distribution networks: An integrated performance assessment framework.

Due to rapid population growth, urbanization, water contamination, and climate change, global water resources are under increasing pressure. Water utilities apply drinking water management strategies (DWMS) to ensure that water is safe for drinking. However, in recent years, due to increased inclination towards climate change, environmental emissions, and sustainable development goals; the environmental and economic performance of DWMSs is getting attention. An integrated framework combining life cycle thinking and water quality assessment techniques was developed in this study to evaluate the DWMSs' performance in terms of water quality, environment, and economics. Six DWMSs were assessed using the integrated framework as a case study. The environmental impacts in terms of human health, ecosystem, and resource use ranged from 1.46E-06 to 4.01E-06 DALY, 9.35E-10 to 3.80E-09 species.yr, and 0.0025-0.0071 USD-$, respectively. Pollution water index (PWI) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) were used as decision-making techniques to assess the overall performance and suitability of DWMSs under given settings. The DWMSs with surface water as a source or ones providing relatively more degree of treatment have a relatively high PWI score (i.e., ≈0.31), reflective of high environmental impacts and water pollution compared to other alternatives. The CBA scores of selected alternatives ranged between 0.22 and 1.0. Furthermore, it was identified that DWMSs applied on relatively bigger water distribution systems can outweigh their costs (i.e., environmental and economic impacts). The proposed framework and approaches are flexible as they can incorporate different criteria in evaluating the performance and applicability of DWMSs.