EGFR-dependent mechanisms of resistance to osimertinib determined by ctDNA NGS analysis identify patients with better outcome.

Background: Osimertinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that is highly selective for subclones in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Unfortunately, all patients develop resistance through EGFR-dependent or EGFR-independent pathways. Recently, circulating tumoral DNA (ctDNA) analysis has highlighted the usefulness of plasma genotyping for exploring patient survival outcomes after disease progression under osimertinib.

Methods: Plasma samples from patients treated with osimertinib as a second-line therapy were collected and the presence of molecular alterations of acquired resistance was evaluated after relapse under osimertinib using ctDNA molecular profiling by next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays. The clinical implications of these genomic alterations for the efficiency of the third-generation TKI were further assessed.

Results: Our ctDNA molecular profiling of plasma samples highlighted large number of actionable genomic alterations. According to ctDNA NGS results, patients were classified as having developed an -dependent or -independent mechanism of resistance. Thus, patients who developed an -dependent mechanism of resistance responded longer to osimertinib (13.8 4.6 months; P<10) and have a better post-osimertinib clinical outcome than -independent resistant patients. Moreover, the development of an -dependent mechanism of osimertinib resistance was identified as the best fit to determine patients' clinical outcome compared with status alone (P=0.003).

Conclusions: Our study highlights the potential of ctDNA NGS to rapidly select the appropriate drug after osimertinib failure and to determine clinical outcomes of patients. We suggest that ctDNA NGS should be more intensively used in clinical practice to follow patients under third-generation TKIs.