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Zolpidem is an imidazopyridine derivative and a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug. There are several case reports of zolpidem abuse or dependence and zolpidem withdrawal. This study reports a case of paroxysmal tonic spasm (PTS) after abrupt withdrawal of high dose zolpidem. The case was a 21-year- old male patient with complaints of acute involuntary and painful spasms of all extremities after the sudden withdrawal of taking supratherapeutic zolpidem. In his medical records, He had the history of insomnia and psychiatric disorder . The patient's symptoms improved with intravenous injection of 10 mg diazepam slowly and zolpidem was tapered gradually. This case report indicates that zolpidem has a dependency and abusage properties. To the best of our knowledge , this is the first report of zolpidem withdrawal with PTS.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200507 | DOI Listing |
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
August 2025
Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China.
Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs are commonly used as prescription medications to treat anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome, but their use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal reactions if taken against official guidelines. Furthermore, designer benzodiazepines, most of which lack clinical and toxicological data, have entered the illicit drug market as new psychoactive substances and are used for recreational purposes. Their abuse can cause confusion, memory loss, respiratory depression, and even death, especially when combined with other sedative-hypnotics or alcohol.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Microbiol Biotechnol
August 2025
Division of Food Science/Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic administration of rice bran supplement (RBS) on sleep and to compare these effects with those of the hypnotic drug zolpidem (ZPD). During the three-week treatment period, ZPD initially reduced sleep latency, but that reduction effect of sleep latency gradually diminished over time and significantly decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). In contrast, RBS reduced sleep latency and increased NREMS on the first day, and these effects persisted throughout the treatment period.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep Health
July 2025
CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology) & Sleep Disorders Center, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR 3212 & Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France. Electronic address:
Objectives: Insomnia and hypnotic consumption are major public health concerns, especially due to issues of dependence, side effects, and misuse. This study aims to describe the dispensing trends of reimbursed hypnotic tablets in France from 2012 to 2022, highlighting the potential impact of public policies designed to mainly reduce prescriptions of benzodiazepines and z-drugs.
Methods: Data were sourced from the Medic'AM database, managed by French National Health Insurance, which records quantities of all reimbursed medications provided by pharmacies.
J Ayurveda Integr Med
July 2025
Department of Kayachikitsa, Shri BMK Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, A Constituent Unit of KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
Background: One of the prevalent sleep disorders is insomnia disorder. Current pharmacotherapy have limitations like dependence, tolerance and withdrawal effects. Ayurveda drugs remains to be explored.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Psychiatry
December 2024
Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Instituto de Psiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil.
Objective: This study presents a case series of five women with zolpidem dependence treated at the Drug Dependent Women Treatment Center (PROMUD), one of the first women-specific substance use disorder outpatient services in Latin America.
Methods: This was an retrospective review of medical records of patients with a diagnosis of zolpidem dependence at the Institute of Psychiatry of Clinics Hospital of University of São Paulo between December 2021 and December 2023. Description of the cases followed the Case Report Statement, Checklist and Guidelines (CARE).