[Tree species identification of wooden funeral utensil from Qing Dynasty's tombs and its potential of ecological and environmental indicator in Shenyang, Northeast China].

The wood used for funeral utensil in ancient tomb is a kind of valuable materials and important for understanding vegetation, climate and society conditions in the history. Here, we identified the tree species and dated the time of wooden utensils for funeral excavated from tombs in Shuijia Village, Shenyang, using wood anatomy methods and dendrochronological techniques. The results showed that 7 out of the 16 wood samples were identified as from Pinaceae, 8 were sp. from Pinaceae and most likely , and the rest one was sp. from Aceraceae. Currently, these tree species are still widely distributed in Liaoning Province, indicating that forest structure (tree species composition) is relatively stable and that the climate at that time was quite similar to that at present. The timbers used for wooden utensils of funeral for civilian tombs had regional biogeographic characteristics and reflected regional social productivity development level in Mukden (now Shenyang) in Qing Dynasty: most of them were native tree species with low cost and high availability; the main timber trees were conifer species, and a few of them were broadleaved trees. These timbers were likely from the forest in Shenyang or mountainous areas in Eastern Liaoning, with Hunhe River waterway being an important transport way for timbers to Shenyang. Some and sp. timbers could be cross-dated well, and the growth period of the trees was determined to be 1680s-1770s (early to mid-Qing Dynasty). The variations of tree-ring width of these timbers had good consistency and high climate sensitivity, reflecting the consistency of regional climate and environment. These timbers have the potential to indicate the climate condition of the early to mid-Qing Dynasty.